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ABSTRACT
Warning systems play a crucial role in the takeover of conditional automated driving. However, the widely used single-stage warning systems in takeover had inevitable and critical issues in situation awareness (SA), driving stress, and takeover performance. As such, two-stage warning systems might be an optimal solution to alleviate these problems. On this basis, this study investigated the effect of warning types (single-stage vs two-stage warning systems) and non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) (playing Tetris game vs monitoring automated systems) on takeover. A total of 32 participants were recruited to join our driving-simulated study. These participants responded to different types of takeover warning systems upon receipt while engaging in NDRTs. Simultaneously, the SA, physiology stress, takeover performance, and acceptance data of the participants were recorded. Results showed that the drivers exhibited higher SA, lower physiology stress, better takeover performance, and higher acceptance ratings in the two-stage warning systems than in the single-stage warning systems. In conclusion, two-stage warning systems are promising in improving takeover safety based on connected vehicle technologies in the future. These findings can provide some guidelines for designers and engineers when applying the warning systems in automated driving.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Shu Ma
Shu Ma is a PhD researcher at the Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. Her research interests include human-computer interaction, cognitive ergonomics, traffic safety, and automated driving.
Wei Zhang
Wei Zhang is an MD student at the Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. Her research interests include human-computer interaction and automated driving.
Zhen Yang
Zhen Yang is a PhD researcher at the Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. His research interests include human–computer interaction, human factors, user experience, cognitive science, and neuro-ergonomics.
Chunyan Kang
Chunyan Kang is a PhD researcher at the Modern Industrial Design Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. Her research interests include human–computer interaction, virtual reality, cognitive science.
Changxu Wu
Changxu Wu is a professor at the Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University. His research interests include integrating cognitive science and engineering system design, especially modeling human cognition system and human behavior with its applications in system design, improving transportation safety, promoting human performance and safety in human-machine interaction and healthcare.
Chunlei Chai
Chunlei Chai is a professor at the College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University. His research interests include cultural design, designers’ perception, driving anger, and behaviors.
Jinlei Shi
Jinlei Shi is an MD student at the College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University. His research interests include human–computer interaction, user experience, and augmented reality.
Yilin Zeng
Yilin Zeng is an undergraduate student at the Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. Her research interests include human–computer interaction, applied psychology.
Hongting Li
Hongting Li is a professor at the Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. His research interests include human–computer interaction, ergonomics, user experience, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).