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ABSTRACT
With highly automated vehicles (HAVs), the human role shifts from active driver to mostly passive passenger, which has an impact on the perceived comfort while being driven. A number of factors need to be taken into account when designing an automated driving style (ADS) with the aim to minimize human discomfort. In this paper, the authors build on seven empirical studies to determine first, if a generally comfortable ADS exists and second, whether such an ADS should be designed depending on situational driving dynamics or individual user characteristics such as users’ manual driving styles. The results give an overview of the ADS- and user-related factors causing human discomfort in automated driving and provide potential strategies to overcome potential discomfort. Drawing on the data, upcoming challenges in the field of human discomfort in HAVs for both research and practice are presented.
Acknowledgments
This research was partially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (research projects: “DriveMe,” funding code: 16SV7119 and “KomfoPilot, funding code: 16SV7690K). The research was also funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Project-ID 416228727 – SFB 1410. The sponsors had no role in the study design, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the report, or the submission of the paper for publication.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Andre Dettmann
Andre Dettmann completed his studies of Systems Engineering in 2012 at the Chemnitz University of Technology focusing on driver assistance systems. At the chair for Ergonomics and Innovation, he is leading the research group on mobility engineering since 2015. His focus is on mobility concepts, autonomous driving, and HMI-design.
Franziska Hartwich
Franziska Hartwich graduated in Psychology in 2011 and received her doctorate in 2017. At Chemnitz University of Technology, department of Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, she is leading the traffic psychology group and conducting research on human-machine-interaction in assisted and automated driving, with a focus on driving comfort and user-centered design.
Patrick Roßner
Patrick Roßner studied Business Administration and Mechanical Engineering at Chemnitz University of Technology. Subsequently, he started working as a researcher at the chair for ergonomics and innovation focussing on driver behavior, driving style parametrization, trajectory design, and other factors influencing people’s driving experience in highly automated driving.
Matthias Beggiato
Matthias Beggiato completed his studies of Psychology and Educational Science at the University of Vienna in 2005. As head of the traffic psychology group at the department of Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, his research topics are HMI-issues related to assistance and automation and interaction between vulnerable road users and HAVs.
Konstantin Felbel
Konstantin Felbel completed the studies of Sensors and Cognitive Psychology at the Chemnitz University of Technology in 2019. Since then, Konstantin Felbels research focus is on autonomous driving especially on trajectory behavior and implicit cues as a tool to improve anticipatable and cooperative automated driving systems.
Josef Krems
Josef Krems is head of the research group Cognitive and Engineering Psychology at Chemnitz University of Technology. Current research projects are on HMI, Safety, In-vehicle Information systems, e-mobility, diagnostic reasoning, etc. He published or co-edited 9 books and more than 100 papers in books, journals, or congress proceedings.
Angelika C. Bullinger
Angelika C. Bullinger is head of the Chair for Ergonomics and Innovation at Chemnitz University of Technology. Current research projects are on innovation management, product ergonomics, industrial engineering as well as modern workplaces. She published or co-edited 25 books and more than 100 papers in books, journals, or congress proceedings.