How criminal organisations exert secret power over communities: An intracultural appropriation theory of cultural values and norms

ABSTRACT

Criminal organisations have the ability to exert secret power – governance over the community and inhibition of opposition (omertà). Traditionally, omertà has been attributed to fear or passivity. Here, a model grounded in different premises, Intracultural Appropriation Theory (ICAT), stresses the central role of culture in sustaining relations of domination between groups. Specifically, ICAT contends that non-state agents achieve legitimacy among people by claiming to embody cultural values shared within the community. In the case of Italian organised crime, criminal organisations’ adherence to values of masculine honour bestows legitimacy on their actions, enabling them to exert secret power. We report evidence in support of this proposition, and derive a new formulation of omertà focussing on social identity, emotions and social change beliefs. We suggest that the theory contributes to a new perspective for the analysis of culture, political action, and honour, and that it should generalise in other contexts and countries.

KEYWORDS:

• Omertà
• power
• criminal organisations
• honour values
• collective action
• intracultural appropriation theory
• culture
• ideology

Notes

¹ “Mafiosi” is the Italian term to indicate “members of the mafia”. It is the plural of the term “mafioso”.

² The Yakuza refers to a transnational criminal organisation that originates and sustain power in Japan (Hill, 2003).