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EMPIRICAL PAPERS

Mentalizing in the presence of another: Measuring reflective functioning and attachment in the therapy process

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Pages 652-665 | Received 22 Jan 2017, Accepted 08 Dec 2017, Published online: 03 Jan 2018
 

Abstract

Objective: In this paper, we test the reliability and validity of two novel ways of assessing mentalizing in the therapy context: the Reflective Functioning scale (RF) applied to code psychotherapy transcripts (In-session RF), and the Exploring scale of the Patient Attachment Coding System (PACS), which measures in-session autonomy and is linked with secure attachment in psychotherapy. Method: Before treatment, 160 patients in different types of psychotherapy and from three different countries were administered the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), which was rated with the RF scale. One early psychotherapy session for each patient was independently rated with the In-session RF scale and with the PACS Exploring scale. Results: Both scales were found to be reliable and to have concurrent validity with the RF scale rated on the AAI, with the PACS Exploring scale found to be a better predictor of RF on the AAI. Conclusions: These results suggest that the PACS Exploring scale might be a practical method for assessing RF in psychotherapy research and a way for researchers and clinicians to track patients’ RF on an ongoing basis. These results also provide information regarding the ways in which differences in RF manifest during psychotherapy sessions.

Clinical or methodological significance of this article

  • Researchers and clinicians can assess patients’ mentalizing based on any single psychotherapy transcript, in many therapeutic modalities

  • The Exploring scale of the Patient Attachment Coding System can yield a reliable measure of reflective functioning based on any single psychotherapy transcript, in many therapeutic modalities

  • Client differences in mentalizing manifest in part independently of the therapist’s contributions

摘要

目標:本篇研究中,我們以兩種新的方法來檢視治療情境中心智化的信度與效度:以反思功能量表(RF)進行治療過程逐字稿的編碼(In-session RF),運用病人依附編碼系統(PACS)的探索性量表來測量心理治療中與安全依附有關的自主性。 方法:這 160 位病人來自三個不同國家、接受不同 形式的心理治療,但在治療之前他們都接受成人依附訪談(AAI)並且以 RF 加以評估。每位病人 在接受心理治療初期均有一次療程進行 in-session RF 量表和 PACS 探索性量表的評估。結果:証實兩個量表與 RF 在 AAI 之間均具有信度和同時性效度。PACS 探索性量表對於 RF 在 AAI 有更 佳的預測力。結論:根據這些結果推論 PACS 探索性量表可作為評估 RF 在心理治療研究的一個 實用方法,也可為研究者和臨床工作者提供能持續追蹤病人反思功能進展的方法。這些結果也能 提供關於在心理治療療程中 RF 差異的資訊。

Obiettivo: In questo articolo, testiamo l'affidabilità e la validità di due nuovi modi di valutare la mentalizzazione nel contesto della terapia: la scala Reflective Functioning (RF) applicata alle trascrizioni di psicoterapia con codice (RF in-seduta) e la scala Exploring del Patient Attachment Coding System (PACS), che misura l'autonomia durante la seduta ed è collegato con l'attaccamento sicuro in psicoterapia. Metodo: prima del trattamento, a 160 pazienti, inseriti in diversi percorsi psicoterapici e provenienti da tre diversi paesi è stata amministrata la Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), valutata con scala RF. Una seduta di psicoterapia iniziale, per ogni paziente, è stata valutata in modo indipendente con la scala RF e con quella Exploring del PACS. Risultati: entrambe le scale sono risultate affidabili e con validità equivalenti sia con la scala RF valutata sull'AAI, sia con il PACS. La scala exploring è risultata essere un migliore predittore di RF sull'AAI. Conclusioni: questi risultati suggeriscono che il PACS_Exploring scale potrebbe essere un metodo pratico per valutare la RF nella ricerca in psicoterapia e un modo per i ricercatori e i clinici di monitorare la RF dei pazienti su base continuativa. Questi risultati forniscono anche informazioni sui modi differenti in cui la RF si manifesta durante le sedute di psicoterapia.

Resumo

Objetivo: Neste artigo, testamos a confiabilidade e a validade de duas novas maneiras de avaliar a mentalização no contexto da terapia: a Escala de Funcionamento Refletivo (RF) aplicada aos códigos de transcrição de psicoterapia (RF em sessão) e a Escala de Exploração do Patient Attachment Coding System (PACS), que mede a autonomia durante a sessão e está vinculado ao apego seguro em psicoterapia. Método: Antes do tratamento, 160 pacientes em diferentes tipos de psicoterapia e de três países diferentes receberam a Entrevista de Apego para Adultos (AAI), classificada com a escala de RF. Uma sessão inicial de psicoterapia de cada paciente foi classificada independentemente com a escala de RF em sessão e com a Escala de Exploração PACS. Resultados: Ambas as escalas foram consideradas confiáveis e com validade concorrente com a escala de RF classificada no AAI, com a Escala de Exploração do PACS sendo um melhor preditor de RF no AAI. Conclusões: esses resultados sugerem que a Escala de Exploração do PACS pode ser um método prático para avaliar a RF na pesquisa em psicoterapia e uma maneira de pesquisadores e clínicos acompanharem a RF dos pacientes de forma contínua. Esses resultados também fornecem informações sobre as maneiras pelas quais as diferenças na FR se manifestam durante as sessões de psicoterapia.

Significância clínica ou metodológica deste artigo.

  • Pesquisadores e clínicos podem avaliar a mentalização dos pacientes com base em qualquer transcrição única de psicoterapia, em muitas modalidades terapêuticas.

  • A Escala de Exploração do Patient Attachment Coding System pode produzir uma medida confiável do funcionamento reflexivo com base em qualquer transcrição única de psicoterapia, em muitas modalidades terapêuticas.

  • As diferenças dos clientes na mentalização se manifestam em parte independentemente das contribuições do terapeuta.

Acknowledgements

Daniela Di Riso generously contributed to data collection and deserves our deepest gratitude. The first author also wants to thank Maria Paola Nazzaro and Miriam Utzon for their coding efforts, and Markus Mössner and Anthony Bateman for their contribution in interpreting the study results. Finally, a big thank you to Sarah I. F. Daniel for encouragement and supervision in the initial stages of this work.

Notes

1 Two interesting recent studies have applied Fertuck et al.’s method to code therapy transcripts (Boldrini et al., Citation2017; Macintosh, Citation2017); the concurrent validity of this method against RF rated on the AAI, however, has not been tested yet.

2 According to attachment researchers, both openness and independence typify securely attached individuals. For instance, Main, Goldwyn, and Hesse (Citation2002, p. 151) write that “secure speakers in the AAI generally appear relatively autonomous with respect to discussing attachment, and seem to manifest a freedom to explore thoughts and feelings during the course of the interview.” Such characteristics of secure speakers bear a striking resemblance with the behavior of secure one-year-olds in the Strange Situation, who not only independently explore the environment, but also “autonomously” maintain an affective connection with the caregiver while doing so (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, Citation1978).

3 The samples of this study have already been described in Talia et al. (Citation2017).

4 A full description of the PACS, including the PACS 5 scales and 11 subscales, is beyond the scope of this paper. The interested reader can find a more comprehensive description of the PACS and its markers in Talia et al. (Citation2017).

5 Hannah Katznelson, Signe H. Pedersen, Sofie Folke, Maria Paola Nazzaro, Amy Withers, and Alessandro Talia.

6 Martina Andersson, Hannah Katznelson, Guido Giovanardi, Signe H. Pedersen, Svenja Taubner, and Amy Withers.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported in part by grant 9901684/25-01-0011 from the Danish Council for Independent Research/Humanities, grant 41470 from the Egmont Foundation, grant 07018005 from the Ivan Nielsen Foundation, and by a grant MH071768 from the National Institute of Mental Health (Principal Investigator: J. Christopher Muran).

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