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EMPIRICAL PAPERS

Do interpersonal fears mediate the association between childhood maltreatment and interpersonal skills deficits? A matched cross-sectional analysis

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Pages 267-278 | Received 15 Jan 2018, Accepted 21 Sep 2018, Published online: 11 Oct 2018
 

Abstract

Objective: Childhood maltreatment, interpersonal fear and a specific kind of interpersonal skills deficit (preoperational thinking) have all been associated with persistent depressive disorder (PDD). We hypothesize that interpersonal fears mediate the association between childhood maltreatment and preoperational thinking.

Method: A total of 108 matched participants have been examined cross-sectionally (31 healthy controls, 30 patients with episodic depression and 47 patients with PDD) with the following instruments: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), a measure of interpersonal fear (CBASP Interpersonal Questionnaire) and the Lübeck Questionnaire of Preoperational Thinking.

Results: Patients with PDD reported significantly more childhood maltreatment than patients with episodic depression (d = 0.65) and healthy controls (d = 1.29). They also had more interpersonal fears (d = 0.71 and d = 2.11 respectively) and higher levels of preoperational thinking (d = 0.90 and d = 2.78 respectively). The association between childhood maltreatment and preoperational thinking was mediated through interpersonal fears.

Conclusions: Our findings might have important implications for psychotherapy of PDD because they demonstrate how specific problems in social interactions can be associated with interpersonal fears that arise secondary to childhood maltreatment.

Obiettivo: Maltrattamento infantile, paura interpersonale e uno specifico deficit nelle competenze interpersonali (pensiero preoperativo) sono stati associati con disturbo depressivo persistente (PDD). Si è ipotizzato che la paura interpersonale possa mediare l'associazione tra maltrattamento infantile e pensiero preoperativo. Metodo: Un totale di 108 partecipanti eleggibili sono stati esaminati cross-sectionally (31 controlli sani, 30 partecipanti con depressione episodica e 47 partecipanti con PDD) con i seguenti questionari: The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), un questionario sulle paura interpersonale (CBASP questionario interpersonale) e il Lubeck Questionnaire sul pensiero preoperativo. Risultati: Pazienti con PDD hanno riportato significativamente maggiori maltrattamenti infantili rispetto ai pazienti con depressione episodica (d= 0.65) e i controlli sani (d= 1.29). Inoltre essi riportavano maggiore paura interpersonale (rispettivamente d= 0.71 e d=2.11) e livelli più alti di pensiero preoperativo (rispettivamente d= 0.90 e d= 2.78). L'associazione tra maltrattamento infantile e pensiero preoperativo era mediato attraverso la paura interpersonale. Conclusioni: I nostri risultati possono avere importanti implicazioni per la psicoterapia del PDD in quanto dimostrano come problemi specifici nelle relazioni sociali possono essere associati con paura interpersonale che sorge secondaria al maltrattamento infantile.

Objetivo: Os maus-tratos na infância, o medo interpessoal e um tipo específico de déficit de habilidades interpessoais (pensamento pré-operacional) foram todos associados ao transtorno depressivo persistente (TDP). Nossa hipótese é que os medos interpessoais mediam a associação entre maus-tratos na infância e pensamento pré-operacional. Método: Um total de 108 participantes pareados foi examinado transversalmente (31 controles saudáveis, 30 pacientes com depressão episódica e 47 pacientes com TDP) com os seguintes instrumentos: o Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), uma medida de medo interpessoal (CBASP Interpersonal Questionnaire) e o Lübeck Questionnaire of Preoperational Thinking. Resultados: Pacientes com TDP relataram significativamente mais maus-tratos na infância do que pacientes com depressão episódica (d=0,65) e controles saudáveis ⁣⁣(d=1,29). Eles também tinham mais medos interpessoais (d=0,71 ed=2,11 respectivamente) e níveis mais altos de pensamento pré-operacional (d=0,90 ed=2,78 respectivamente). A associação entre maus-tratos na infância e pensamento pré-operacional foi mediada por medos interpessoais. Conclusões: Nossas descobertas podem ter implicações importantes para a psicoterapia do TDP, porque demonstram como problemas específicos nas interações sociais podem estar associados a medos interpessoais que surgem secundários aos maus-tratos na infância.

目的:兒時不當對待、人際恐懼與特定的一種人際技巧缺失(前運思思考)都與持 續性憂鬱症(PDD)有關。我們假設人際恐懼中介了兒時不當對待與前運思思考之 間的關聯。方法:總共108 位配對的參與者(31 位健康控制組,30 位有鬱症發作 的病人,47 位患有持續性憂鬱症),以橫斷方式分析,並使用以下量表檢視:兒時 創傷量表(CTQ-SF)、人際恐懼的量表(CBASP Interpersonal Questionnaire),以 及Lübecku 前運思思考量表。結果:患有持續性憂鬱症的病人,比起鬱症發作的病 人(d=0.65)與健康控制組(d=1.29),顯著性的呈現兒時被不當對待。他們也有 較多的人際恐懼(分別是d=0.71、d=2.11)以及較高程度的前運思思考。人際恐懼 中介了兒時不當對待與前運思思考之間的關聯。結論:我們的發現或許對於持續性 憂鬱症的心理治療帶來重要的啟示,因為結果顯示在社會互動的特定問題會與人際 恐懼有關,而這種恐懼又是源於兒時的不當對待。

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all patients and healthy controls for their participation in the study.

Competing Interests

JPK received funding for clinical trials (German Federal Ministry of Health, Servier—distributor of the internet intervention “Deprexis”), payments for presentations on internet interventions (Servier), payments for workshops and books (Beltz, Elsevier, Hogrefe and Springer) on psychotherapy for chronic depression and on psychiatric emergencies.

Contributors

JPK and JS designed the study and obtained funding. Patient recruitment was coordinated by the JS and SS. JPK conducted the statistical analyses. The results were interpreted by all the authors. JPK wrote the manuscript with substantial input from JS and US. All authors commented on the manuscript and approved the final version.

Data Sharing Statement

Individual participant data that underlie the results reported in this article can be shared with researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal to JPK. Proposals may be submitted up to 36 months following article publication.

Supplemental Data

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2018.1532125.

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