Pulse wave velocity reference values in 3,160 adults referred to a hypertension clinic for 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

ABSTRACT

Background: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a direct measure of aortic stiffness used in the stratification of cardiovascular risk. Its clinical application in Latin America has been limited by the absence of reference values. The objective of this study was to establish PWV reference values among adults referred to a specialized cardiology center for 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in Medellín, Colombia.

Methods: A descriptive study of 3,160 records of adult (older than 18 years) patients without pharmacological treatment assessed for PWV using a Mobil-O-Graph® 24-hour PWA device (IEM, Stolberg, Germany) and 24-hour ABPM with hemodynamic parameters based on suspected hypertension or hypotension was conducted. Patient records were categorized by decade of age and sub-divided based on the following 24-hour ABPM categories: normal (< 130/80 mmHg), grade I hypertension (between 130–150/80–90 mmHg), and grade II hypertension (> 150/90 mmHg).

Results: PWV increased with age (r = 0,894; p < 0,001) and blood pressure category (ρ = 0,081; p < 0,001); the age-related increase was more pronounced among the patients in the higher blood pressure categories. Measures of central tendency and dispersion regarding PWV are presented, and reference values are proposed from the 90th percentile based on the age and 24-hour ABPM categories.

Conclusions: PWV is directly related to age and blood pressure and can be predicted using a simple equation that includes these two variables. To stratify the cardiovascular risk of patients and make clinical decisions, the 90th percentile based on the age and 24-hour ABPM categories is recommended as a cut-off.

KEYWORDS:

• Adult
• atherosclerosis
• vascular stiffness
• blood pressure
• pulse wave velocity
• ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the support received from Centro Clínico y de Investigación SICOR (Soluciones Integrales de Conocimiento en Riesgo Cardiovascular), Natalia Pardo Restrepo, Fair Clavijo Tinoco, Colciencias (Beca de Doctorados Nacionales 727 de 2015) and all the patients who participated in the study and made these findings possible.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Funding

Centro Clínico y de Investigación SICOR, Soluciones Integrales de Conocimiento en Riesgo Cardiovascular, Medellín (Colombia); Centro Clínico y de Investigación SICOR, Soluciones Integrales de Conocimiento en Riesgo Cardiovascular, Medellín (Colombia).