Correspondence

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Notes

1 Damir Kovačević, Afrimadona, and Martin Claar, “Gas, Power, and Norms: Competing Logics for the Declining Use of Chemical Warfare,” Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 26, Nos. 3–4 (2019), pp. 251–66.

2 James D. Morrow and Hyeran Jo, “Compliance with the Laws of War: Dataset and Coding Rules,” Conflict Management & Peace Science, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2006), pp. 91–113.

3 David M. Allison and Stephen Herzog, “Gas, Norms, and Statistics: The Jury Is Still Out,” Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 26, Nos. 5–6 (2020), pp. 397–401.

4 Rebecca Hersman and William Pittinos, Restoring Restraint: Enforcing Accountability for Users of Chemical Weapons (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Affairs, 2018), <www.csis.org/analysis/restoring-restraint>.

5 Rebecca Hersman, Suzanne Claeys, and Cyrus A. Jabbari, Rigid Structures, Evolving Threat: Preventing the Proliferation and Use of Chemical Weapons (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2019), <www.csis.org/analysis/rigid-structures-evolving-threat-preventing-proliferation-and-use-chemical-weapons>.

6 Charles Stephenson, The Admiral’s Secret Weapon: Lord Dundonald and the Origins of Chemical Warfare (Rochester, NY: Boydell, 2006), pp. 70–72; Guy R. Hasegawa, Villainous Compounds: Chemical Weapons & the American Civil War (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press), 2015, pp. 124–26.

7 Frederic Joseph Brown, Chemical Warfare: A Study in Restraints (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2006), p. 152, n. 3.

8 Thomas I. Faith, Behind the Gas Mask: The U.S. Chemical Warfare Service in War and Peace (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2014), pp. 58–59, 109.

9 John Ellis van Courtland Moon, “United States Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II: A Captive of Coalition Policy?” Journal of Military History, Vol. 60, No. 3 (1996), pp. 495–511; John Ellis van Courtland Moon, “Project SPHINX: The Question of the Use of Gas in the Planned Invasion of Japan,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1989), pp. 303–23.

10 W. Hudson Webb, Chemical Deterrence (CHEMDET), Phase 1—Historical Background (Bethesda, MD: Army Concepts Analysis Agency, 1992).

11 Rolf-Dieter Müller, “Die Deutschen Gaskriegsvorbereitungen 1919–1945. Mit Giftgas Zur Weltmacht?” Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1980), pp. 25–54.

12 Stanley P. Lovell, Of Spies & Stratagems (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963).

13 John M. McGregor and John E. Beebe, Jr., Intelligence Report on Japanese Chemical Warfare, Vol. I: General Organization, Policies and Intentions, Tactics (Tokyo: Office of the Chief Chemical Officer, GHQ, AFPAC, 1946), pp. 7–8, <http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll8/id/2071>.

14 J.P. Perry Robinson, “Supply, Demand and Assimilation in Chemical-Warfare Armament,” in Hans Günter Brauch, ed., Military Technology, Armaments Dynamics, and Disarmament: ABC Weapons, Military Use of Nuclear Energy and of Outer Space and Implications for International Law (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989), p. 113.

15 Webb, Chemical Deterrence (CHEMDET), Phase 1.

16 J.P. Perry Robinson, “Chemical Arms Control and the Assimilation of Chemical Weapons,” International Journal, Vol. 36, no. 3 (1981), pp. 515–34.

17 Julian Perry Robinson, “Chemical Weapons Proliferation in the Middle East,” in Efraim Karsh, Martin S. Navias, and Philip A.G. Sabin, eds., Non-Conventional-Weapons Proliferation in the Middle East: Tackling the Spread of Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Capabilities (New York: Clarendon Press, 1993), pp. 72–73.

18 Julian Perry Robinson, “The Negotiations on the Chemical Weapons Convention: A Historical Overview,” in Allan Rosas, Michael Bothe, and Natalino Ronzitti, eds., The New Chemical Weapons Convention: Implementation and Prospects (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998), pp. 33–35.

19 Robinson, “Chemical Weapons Proliferation in the Middle East,” p. 74.

20 Michael C. Horowitz and Neil Narang, “Poor Man’s Atomic Bomb? Exploring the Relationship between ‘Weapons of Mass Destruction,’” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 58, No. 3 (2014), pp. 509–35.

21 Biejan Poor Toulabi, “The Perils of Collecting Proliferation Data: A New Dataset on the Spread of Chemical and Biological Weapons,” Draft Paper, Amsterdam, February 16, 2017.

22 Robinson, “The Negotiations on the Chemical Weapons Convention: A Historical Overview,” p. 36.

23 Gregory D. Koblentz, “Regime Security: A New Theory for Understanding the Proliferation of Chemical and Biological Weapons,” Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2013), pp. 501–25.

24 Markus K. Binder and Gary A. Ackerman, “Pick Your POICN: Introducing the Profiles of Incidents Involving CBRN and Nonstate Actors (POICN) Database,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, March 27, 2019, <www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1577541>.

25 Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan, “Introducing the Global Terrorism Database,” Terrorism & Political Violence, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2007), pp. 181–204.

26 Vadim J. Birstein, The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science (Cambridge, MA: Westview, 2004), pp. 103–07, <www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0832/2005298658-b.html>; <www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0832/2005298658-d.html>.

27 David A. Korn, Human Rights in Iraq (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), Chapter 4.

28 Charles Duelfer, Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD: Iraq’s Chemical Warfare Program, Vol. 3 (Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2004), pp. 43–59, <www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/index.html>.

29 Chandré Gould and Peter I. Folb, Project Coast: Apartheid’s Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme (Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNIDIR; Centre for Conflict Resolution CCR, 2002), pp. 159–67.

30 Milton Leitenberg, “Aum Shinrikyo’s Efforts to Produce Biological Weapons: A Case Study in the Serial Propagation of Misinformation,” Terrorism & Political Violence, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1999), pp. 149–58.

31 W. Seth Carus, “A Century of Biological-Weapons Programs (1915–2015): Reviewing the Evidence,” Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 24, Nos. 1–2 (2017), p. 139; Ivan Sascha Sheehan, “Assessing and Comparing Data Sources for Terrorism Research,” in Cynthia M. Lum and Leslie W. Kennedy, eds., Evidence-Based Counterterrorism Policy (New York: Springer, 2012), pp. 13–40.

32 Ferdinando Pedriali, L’aeronautica italiana nelle guerre coloniali: Guerra Etiopica 1935-36 (Rome: Aeronautica militare, Ufficio storico, 1997); Herman Roozenbeek and Jeoffrey van Woensel, De Geest in de Fles: De Omgang van de Nederlandse Defensieorganisatie Met Chemische Strijdmiddelen, 1915-1997 (Amsterdam: Boom, 2010); Xueren Ji [纪学仁], Integration of the 1800 Specific Examples of Japanese Chemical War in China [Qin hua ri jun du qi zhan shi li ji : ri jun yong du 1800 li, 侵华日军毒气战事例集: 日军用毒1800例] (Beijing: She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she [社会科学文献出版社], 2008).

33 Koblentz, “Regime Security.”