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Notes
1 See Philipp C. Bleek and Nicholas J. Kramer, “Eliminating Syria’s Chemical Weapons: Implications for Addressing Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Threats,” Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 23, Nos. 1–2 (2016), pp. 197–230; Hanna Notte, “The United States, Russia, and Syria’s Chemical Weapons: A Tale of Cooperation and Its Unravelling,” Nonproliferation Review, June 29, 2020; Karim Makdisi and Coralle Pison Hindawi, “The Syrian Chemical Weapons Disarmament Process in Context: Narratives of Coercion, Consent, and Everything in Between,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 8 (2017), pp. 1691–709; Wyn Bowen, Jeffrey W. Knopf, and Matthew Moran, “The Obama Administration and Syrian Chemical Weapons: Deterrence, Compellence, and the Limits of the ‘Resolve plus Bombs’ Formula,” Security Studies, Vol. 29, No. 5 (2020), pp. 797–831.
2 Joby Warrick, Red Line: The Unraveling of Syria and America’s Race to Destroy the Most Dangerous Arsenal in the World (New York: Doubleday, 2021), p. 51.
3 Warrick, p. 260.
4 Warrick, p. 166.
5 Warrick, pp. 216–19.
6 Warrick, p. 14.
7 Warrick, p. 33.
8 Warrick, p. 39.
9 Warrick, p. 130.
10 Warrick, p. 167.
11 Warrick, p. 208.
12 Warrick, p. 224.
13 White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Remarks by the President to the White House Press Corps,” August 20, 2012, <https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/20/remarks-president-white-house-press-corps>.
14 Warrick, Red Line, p. 41.
15 Warrick, p. 56.
16 Senior Pentagon official (name withheld by request), interview with the author, Washington, DC, June 29, 2016.
17 Warrick, Red Line, p. 250.
18 Warrick, pp. 250–51.
19 Warrick, pp. 252–53.
20 Warrick, p. 186.
21 Warrick, pp. 275–76.
22 Warrick, pp. 277–78.
23 Warrick, p. 279.
24 Warrick, p. 300.
25 Warrick, pp. 122–23.
26 Warrick, p. 118.
27 Notte, “The United States, Russia, and Syria’s Chemical Weapons.”
28 Warrick, Red Line, p. 118.
29 Warrick, p. 124.
30 Warrick, p. 157.
31 Notte, “The United States, Russia, and Syria’s Chemical Weapons.”