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Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) are steroidal drugs, processed from the seeds and dried leaves of the genus Digitalis as well as from the skin and parotid gland of amphibians. The most commonly known CTS are ouabain, digoxin, digoxigenin and bufalin. CTS can be used for safer medication of congestive heart failure and other related conditions due to promising pharmacological and medicinal properties. Ouabain isolated from plants is widely utilized in in vitro studies to specifically block the sodium potassium (Na+/K+-ATPase) pump. For checking, whether ouabain derivatives are robust inhibitors of Na+/K+-ATPase pump, molecular docking simulation was performed between ouabain and its derivatives using YASARA software. The docking energy falls within the range of 8.470 kcal/mol to 7.234 kcal/mol, in which digoxigenin was found to be the potential ligand with the best docking energy of 8.470 kcal/mol. Furthermore, pharmacophore modeling was applied to decipher the electronic features of CTS. Molecular dynamics simulation was also employed to determine the conformational properties of Na+/K+-ATPase-ouabain and Na+/K+-ATPase-digoxigenin complexes with the plausible structural integrity through conformational ensembles for 100 ns which promoted digoxigenin as the most promising CTS for treating conditions of congestive heart failure patients.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, Gujarat University for providing an opportunity to access the bioinformatics research facilities.
Ethical statement
On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author ensured compliance of ethical standards applicable for publishing this manuscript in the journal.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.