Exposure control measures proposed by different organizations: the curious case of nanomaterial-involved activities

Abstract

Objectives. The unique properties of nanomaterials have turned them into an emerging threat for humans and the environment. This study therefore aimed to review exposure control measures proposed for nanomaterial-involved activities. Methods. This study is based on the published guidelines of different organizations on safe handling of nanomaterials. The search for documents was provided using the keywords ‘Exposure controls’, ‘Good practices’, ‘Working safely’, ‘Safe practices’, ‘Handling safely’, ‘Safety guide’ and ‘Safety and health’, combined with ‘Nanomaterials’, ‘Nanotechnology’ and ‘Nanoparticles’ on different databases and websites. Results. Thirty-one guidelines from 27 organizations were included. Most of the guidelines recommended engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment (PPE). Changing the physical form of nanomaterials or the process, using prevention through design (PtD) and using green chemistry principals were other suggestions to reduce exposure to nanomaterials. Conclusions. Considering the difficulty of implementation and case specificity of the solutions of the first two priorities of the hierarchy of controls (elimination and substitution), the emphasis of the guidelines on the next three priorities for controlling exposure to nanomaterials is understood. The type and method of using PPE and engineering controls should be resolved by referring to cutting-edge articles.

Keywords:

• exposure control
• guideline
• hierarchy of controls
• nanomaterials
• occupational exposure
• standard

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express sincere thanks to everyone who helped with the collection of data. The authors did not apply for ethics committee approval, as the review was based on the available studies or literature search method, and was not experimental. All data generated during this study are included in this published article.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.