Immobilization of mixed bacteria by novel biocarriers extracted from Cress and Chia seeds for biotreatment of anionic surfactant (SDS)-bearing real wastewaters

Abstract

Selection of biocarrier type is an essential element for successful bacterial cells immobilization. The present investigation aimed to evaluate a novel application of Cress and Chia seeds as biocarriers for immobilization of mixed bacterial cells. Being an environmentally friendly, non-polluting, inexpensive, and non-toxic substances makes them promising biocarriers. On the other hand, there is an increasing concern about contamination by surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is among the most commonly used surfactant. The Cress and Chia seeds were cross-linked with PVA to prepare two types of beads; CrE-PVA and ChE-PVA, respectively. The beads were utilized for the SDS biodegradation in four kinds of actual SDS-bearing wastewaters originated from; carwash garage (CWW), laundry facility (LWW), and household detergent industry (HWW), in addition to domestic wastewater (DWW). The results revealed that maximum efficiencies of SDS elimination in DWW, LWW, HWW, and CWW were 98.12, 94.32, 93.04, and 99.08%, respectively, using CrE-PVA and 99.04, 94.96, 94.71, and 99.27%, respectively using ChE-PVA. Finally, both types of beads were recycled for five times without losing their stability and efficiency for SDS biodegradation. Four kinetic models were adopted which were Blackman, Monod, Haldane, and Teissier. Results revealed that Teissier model well fitted the experimental data.

Keywords:

• Biocarriers
• biodegradation
• Chia seeds
• Cress seeds
• immobilized cells
• sodium dodecyl sulfate

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the cooperative staff working at Al-Rustamia sewage treatment plant, Elegance laundry, Modern Ghazzali carwash garage, and the household detergents manufacturing factory in Baghdad, Iraq for being helpful and for providing technical support.

Consent to participate

All authors agreed to participate in this research.

Consent for publication

All authors have approved the last version of the manuscript for its submission.

Author contributions

A.A.N.: curation of data, investigation, and writing of the original draft manuscript. Z.Z.I.: supervision, methodology, conceptualization, writing—reviewing, and editing. K.K.H.: co-supervision and visualization.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The whole generated or analyzed data during this study are included in this article.