Use of zinc oxide nanoparticles for detection of fluoride in toothpaste gel

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the metal-binding effect of fluoride, contained in different commercial toothpaste gels; the study aimed to determine if the toothpastes contained excessive concentrations of fluoride, which result in white spot lesions. A spectrophotometric method that used spectrophotometric reagents, including zinc oxide nanoparticles and iron chloride, was used to determine fluoride distribution; the analysis was based on the selective attack of fluoride ions on metals. Fluoride concentrations between 0 and 1450 ppm were analyzed. Although the iron–fluoride complex was a more sensitive reagent, the zinc–fluoride complex could serve as a suitable alternative to it for fluoride analysis, partly because the method was less time consuming and more stable. The detection and quantification limits obtained from the linear calibration curves of the zinc–fluoride complexes, in deionized water, were 0.191:1 and 0.579:1 w/w ZnO, respectively. A model calibration curve was suggested to detect the unknown products of fluoride degradation. Dentists could use a fluoride treatment similar to the protocol used in this study, to prevent potential enamel demineralization, and exclude physical cavity preparation and restoration.

Keywords:

• Fluoride
• iron
• nanoparticles
• toothpaste
• zinc oxide

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.

Author contributions

Wasupon Watjanavarreerat participated in the research design, data collection, data analysis, and writing of the manuscript. Kitsakorn Locharoenrat performed the research design, data analysis, research summary, and recommendation and wrote the manuscript. Liviu Steier reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Data availability

All the data and materials used to support the findings of this study are included in this article.

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand [Grant number KREF].