https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8642-6795
![Sample our Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5944/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Medicine-Dentistry-Nursing-Allied-Health.jpg"})
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii, notorious for causing nosocomial infections especially in patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) and burn units, is best at displaying resistance to all existing antibiotic classes. Consequences of high potential for antibiotic resistance has resulted in extensive drug or even pan drug resistant A. baumannii. Carbapenems, mainly imipenem and meropenem, the last resort for the treatment of A. baumannii infections have fallen short due to the emergence of carbapenem resistant A. baumannii (CRAB). Though enzymatic degradation by production of class D β-lactamases (Oxacillinases) and class B β-lactamases (Metallo β-lactamases) is the core mechanism of carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii; however over-expression of efflux pumps such as resistance-nodulation cell division (RND) family and variant form of porin proteins such as CarO have been implicated for CRAB inception. Transduction and outer membrane vesicles-mediated transfer play a role in carbapenemase determinants spread. Colistin, considered as the most promising antibacterial agent, nevertheless faces adverse effects flaws. Cefiderocol, eravacycline, new β-lactam antibiotics, non-β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitors, polymyxin B-derived molecules and bacteriophages are some other new treatment options streamlined.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethics approval
Ethical Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences approved the project under the code: IR.TBZMED.VCR.REC.1397.042 dated 1396/11/04.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Abolfazl Vahhabi
Abolfazl Vahhabi is a Ph.D. Fellow in the Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Currently, he is working on the “Correlation of efflux pumps and porin proteins with carbapenem resistance in clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates” collected from University based teaching hospital under the guidance of Dr. Alka Hasani. He earlier worked on the “Screening of stool specimens obtained from in-patients and out-patients for ampicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)” as a postgraduate fellow under the guidance of Dr. Alka Hasani. Enterococci rank among the three major pathogens isolated from the bloodstream, surgical sites and urinary tract infections. VRE are formidable pathogens and a serious concern for both physicians and patients. Acinetobacter baumannii is another significant bacterium, which has emerged as a nosocomial pathogen with high potentiality for antibiotic resistance, especially towards carbapenems. He could publish two papers from his postgraduate research and now has submitted three papers from doctoral project. During his academic and research experience, he could learn various microbiological techniques comprising conventional as well as molecular. He worked meticulously and learned PCR and real-time PCR for studying the presence and expression of various bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance genes.
Alka Hasani
Dr. Alka Hasani is an Indian born Iranian. She did her graduation, post-graduation from Delhi University and doctorate from Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, under the auspices of Delhi University and Indian Medical Research Center and guidance of Dr. Preena Bhalla. She worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences after finishing Ph.D. that assisted in achieving experience on Hepatitis C, Dengue virus and HIV virus. Dr. Alka Hasani commences her academic career as Assistant Professor in the Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran and currently she is Associate Professor teaching medical, dental and pharmacy graduates, dental residents, postgraduates and doctorate of microbiology students. Her research skills encompasses epidemiology of infectious diseases, use of Nano technological material in therapeutics, molecular diagnosis of bacterial diseases, bacterial virulence, antibiotic resistance, and infection control. Apart from an academician, she is board member of Microbiology, research member of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, supervisor for medical graduates and clinical microbiologist in a University based hospital. She is presently reviewer for reputed journals and has published her research articles and reviews in ISI journals.
Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
Dr. Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee is Professor in the Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. He did his post-graduation from Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran and worked on “Evaluation of Alginate capsule of clinical isolates Pseudomonas aeruginosa in antimicrobial resistance” as his MSc thesis. He proceeded further for his doctorate in Medical Microbiology and did Ph.D. thesis on “Evaluation of immune response against recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin B subunit (LTB) in animal model”. He started his academic career as Assistant Professor in the Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, teaching medical, dental and pharmacy graduates, midwifery graduates, postgraduates and doctorate of microbiology students. His research skills includes antibiotic resistance, molecular diagnosis of bacterial diseases, bacterial virulence, and infection control. Besides, he has published book on “Bacterial resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.” Apart from an academician, he is board member of Microbiology, research member of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, supervisor for medical graduates and clinical microbiologist in a University based hospital. He is presently reviewer for reputed journals and has published research articles and reviews in ISI journals.
Behzad Baradaran
Dr. Behzad Baradaran is Professor in the Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. He did his post-graduation from Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran and worked on “Production of Monoclonal Anti body Against Human IgG In Balb/c Mouse And Comparison With Anti-IgG Standard” as his MSc thesis. He proceeded further for his doctorate and did Ph.D. thesis on “Production of Monoclonal Anti-EGFR-recombinant PE38 Immunotoxin and Evaluation of its Effect on Induction of Appoptosis in Tumoral cell line”. He started his academic career as Assistant Professor in the Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences teaching medical, dental and pharmacy graduates, postgraduates and doctorate of immunology students. He is presently reviewer for reputed journals and has published research articles and reviews in ISI journals. He has tremendous experience on the techniques like, Real-time PCR, DNA Manipulation, Gene Cloning and gene delivery for gene therapy applications. He is member of Iranian Society for Immunology and Allergy and International Cell Death Society, ICDS. He is currently Director of Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz.
Akbar Hasani
Dr. Akbar Hasani is Assistant Professor in the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. He did his post-graduation from Bombay University, Maharashtra, India and worked on “Biochemical studies of Urolithiasis” as his MSc thesis. He proceeded further for his doctorate in Medical Biochemistry, Delhi University and did Ph.D. thesis on “Biochemical studies of oxygen free radicals in Urolithiasis”. He started his academic career as Assistant Professor teaching medical biochemistry to medical, dental and pharmacy graduates, midwifery graduates, postgraduates and doctorate of biochemistry students. His research skills includes Urolithiasis, free radicals, diabetes mellitus, lipid profile and biochemical aspects of migraine and prostate cancer. Apart from an academician, he is clinical biochemist in a University based clinic. He is presently reviewer for reputed journals and has published research articles and reviews in ISI journals.
Hossein Samadi Kafil
Dr. Hossein Samadi Kafil is Assistant Professor in the Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. He did his post-graduation and doctorate from Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran He started his academic career as Assistant Professor in the Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran teaching medical, dental and pharmacy graduates, postgraduates and doctorate of microbiology students. His research skills includes antibiotic susceptibility, Nano technological advancement in therapeutics, epidemiology of infectious diseases, and infection control. Apart from an academician, he is clinical microbiologist working in the Drug and Applied Research center and in a University based hospital. He is presently reviewer for reputed journals and has published research articles and reviews in ISI journals.
Faeze Abbaszadeh
Ms. Faeze Abbaszadeh is a MSc Fellow in the Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Currently, she is working on the “Molecular characterization and genetic relatedness of clinically XDR Acinetobacter baumannii isolates obtained from Sina hospital, Tabriz, in terms of genes associated with carbapenemase, biofilm, virulence, surface motility and typing by AB-PBRT schemes” under the guidance of Dr. Alka Hasani. Her research skills covers bacterial diagnosis, antibiotic resistance, and bacteriophage therapy. She could publish one papers from her postgraduate research and is currently working as Quality control manager in a reputed pharmacological firm. She worked meticulously and learned PCR for studying the presence of various bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance genes.
Leila Dehghani
Ms. Leila Dehghani is currently In-charge officer in the Division of Microbiology, Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. She is a postgraduate from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. She worked on the “Assessment of the relationship between presence of genes encoding surface proteins and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus” for her MSc thesis in the Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz under the guidance of Dr. Alka Hasani. Her research skills covers bacterial diagnosis, and antibiotic resistance. She is author and co-author in many research articles published in reputed journals.