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Regular Issue Articles

The role of personality in Canada’s burden sharing decisions during coalition operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria

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Pages 288-304 | Published online: 09 May 2019
 

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses the burden sharing decisions of two Canadian prime ministers, Stephen Harper and Justin Trudeau, regarding the U.S.-led coalition that sought to “degrade and ultimately defeat” the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, primarily through an aerial bombing campaign initiated on 8 August 2014. More specifically, it explains Harper’s decision in October 2014 to contribute six CF-18 fighters to take part in combat operations during this intervention and Trudeau’s decision in February 2016 to recall these aircraft by the end of that month. Many studies of burden sharing focus on static rational incentives to explain long-term trends in a state’s contributions to an alliance or coalition, which suggest that both prime ministers should have made consistent, minimal contribution to the intervention. In contrast, this study argues that the leader of a small, weak state’s decisions about contributing combat resources to coalition military interventions are strongly influenced by the leader’s willingness to adhere to the constraints associated with being a small, weak member of a coalition. Leaders whose personalities encourage them to challenge constraints are less likely, all else being equal, to contribute combat resources to coalition military interventions than leaders whose personalities encourage them to respect constraints.

RÉSUMÉ

Cet article analyse les décisions de partage des charges de deux Premiers ministres canadiens, Stephen Harper et Justin Trudeau, concernant la coalition dirigée par les états‐Unis qui a cherché à « dégrader et finalement vaincre » l'état islamique d'Irak et de Syrie, principalement par une campagne de bombardements aériens lancée le 8 août 2014. Plus précisément, il explique la décision de Harper, en octobre 2014, de fournir six chasseurs CF‐18 pour participer aux opérations de combat pendant cette intervention, et la décision de Trudeau, en février 2016, de rappeler ces avions avant la fin de ce même mois. De nombreuses études sur le partage des charges se concentrent sur les incitations statiques et rationnelles pour expliquer les tendances à long terme des contributions d'un état à une alliance ou une coalition, ce qui suggère que les deux Premiers ministres auraient dû apporter une contribution cohérente et minimale à l'intervention. En revanche, cette étude soutient que les décisions du chef d'un petit état faible concernant la contribution des ressources de combat aux interventions militaires de la coalition sont fortement influencées par la volonté de ce chef de respecter les contraintes associées au fait d'être un petit membre faible d'une coalition. Les dirigeants dont la personnalité les incite à contester ces contraintes sont moins susceptibles, toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs, de fournir les interventions militaires de la coalition en ressources de combat, que les dirigeants dont la personnalité les incite à respecter les contraintes.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes on contributor

Scott Fitzsimmons is a lecturer in International Relations at the University of Limerick where he specializes in the behaviour or armed forces and foreign policy decision-making. He holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Calgary.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by University of Limerick.

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