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Articles

No treeline advance over the last 50 years in subarctic western and central Canada and the problem of vegetation misclassification in remotely sensed data

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Pages 93-106 | Received 24 Sep 2019, Accepted 24 Nov 2019, Published online: 26 Dec 2019
 

ABSTRACT

In this study we examined (1) whether there has been significant tree cover change over the period 1960–2010 in a 960,000 km2 subarctic study region in western and central Canada, and (2) the degree to which Global Forest Change (GFC) tree cover data agree with other datasets. We compared GFC tree cover to cover estimates from air photos (c. 1960), ground-level plot data (c. 1982–84), annotated low-level oblique photographs (c. 2005–09), and air photo footprints on the World Imagery Base Map (c. 2010). Tree cover changes since 1960 varied by physiographic and ecological regions. Afforestation was modest to non-significant depending on the region. We observed no evidence of northward tree migration. An increase in the areal extent of burned forests, mostly in areas south of the forest-tundra, was the largest change detected. We documented systematic discrepancies between our tree cover estimates and GFC data. GFC underestimates of tree cover typically occurred in areas of low tree density. Areas where GFC data overestimated tree cover were common, especially near the northern limits of trees and in areas dominated by dense or tall shrubs. Predictions of climate-driven vegetation response derived solely from remotely sensed data may not be reliable.

RÉSUMÉ

Dans cette étude, nous avons examiné (1) s’il y avait eu un changement significatif du recouvrement arborescent durant la période 1960–2010 dans une région subarctique de 960 000 km2 de l’ouest et du centre du Canada, et (2) le degré auquel les données du Global Forest Change (GFC) étaient en accord avec d’autres jeux de données. Nous avons comparé les données de recouvrement arborescent du GFC avec des photographies aériennes (c. 1960), des inventaires au sol (c. 1982–84), des photographies obliques de basse altitude annotées (c. 2005–09) et des empreintes au sol de photographies aériennes de la World Imagery Base Map (c. 2010). Les changements de recouvrement arborescent depuis 1960 variaient parmi les régions physiographiques et écologiques. L’afforestation a été modeste ou non-significative, dépendamment des régions. Nous n’avons observé aucun signe de migration vers le nord des arbres. Le changement le plus important était une augmentation de la superficie de forêts brûlées, surtout dans le sud de la toundra forestière. Nous avons documenté des différences systématiques entre nos données de recouvrement arborescent et les données du GFC. La sous-estimation du recouvrement arborescent par le GFC étaient principalement dans les zones de faible densité arborescente. Les données du GFC surestimaient le recouvrement arborescent dans plusieurs zones, surtout près de la limite nordique des arbres et dans les zones dominées par les arbustes denses et hauts. Les prédictions des réponses de la végétation aux changements climatiques issues uniquement de la télédétection pourraient ne pas être fiables.

Acknowledgments

We thank Ryan Cheng for determining the GFC tree cover within the 1314 footprints and Jeff Hughes for development of the non-linear models. Dave Downing created the GNWT Ecological Land Classification photo database. We thank anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplemental material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed here.

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