ABSTRACT
What is the effect of private tutoring on study-alone time? Using a novel instrumental variable of provincial regulations on cram school curfew time, we show that private tutoring at cram school increased a student’s time spent on studying alone after school. Our IV analysis of the Korean Time Use Survey data for 2009 and 2014 shows that cram school attendance increased the student’s study-alone time by about an hour on the same day. We find no evidence that private tutoring at home substitutes for cram schooling.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.