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Original Articles

An Adornian ideology critique of neo-liberal reforms to the English NHS

Pages 59-80 | Published online: 21 Sep 2020
 

ABSTRACT

In this article, I undertake an ideology critique of reforms to the English NHS within the neo-liberal era. The critique draws primarily on the writings of the Frankfurt School philosopher Theodor Adorno. I use the method of ideology critique to explain the influences on and reasons for the reforms, the contradictions in government discourse and policy and the potential reifying effects of the reforms. I also use the method as a basis for conceiving alternatives. Adorno thought that ideology was becoming more positivistic, thereby rendering critique more difficult. I identify both liberal and positivistic elements within the discourse of successive governments pertaining to healthcare. Liberal norms (such as freedom and equality) within government discourse, and the law, concerning healthcare, continue to enable the critique of ideology and are a basis for conceiving alternatives to current neo-liberal policies, which have the potential to reify healthcare and undermine the solidarity underpinning the NHS.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Professor Peter Vincent-Jones for his helpful comments regarding an earlier draft of this article. I am also grateful to the editor and the two anonymous assessors for their helpful feedback. Additionally, I would like to thank Professor Marie-Andree Jacob and Dr Mark Featherstone for helping me to develop the ideas contained within this article.

Notes

1. D. Cook, ‘Adorno, Ideology and Ideology Critique’, Philosophy & Social Criticism, 27 (2001), pp. 1–20.

2. Ibid.

3. T. Adorno, ‘Ideology’ in Frankfurt Institute of Social Research (Ed.), Aspects of Sociology, (London: Heinemann, 1973), pp. 182–205.

4. W. Brown, Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics (Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 57.

5. The provision of healthcare is now a devolved competence for Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

6. J. Muschell, Health Economics Technical Briefing Note: Privatization in Health. (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995), p. 3.

7. See for example: A. Pollock et al., NHS PLC: The Privatization of our Health Care (London: Verso, 2005), p. 35; C. Paton, The Politics of Health Policy Reform in the UK: England’s Permanent Revolution (London: Palgrave, 2016), p. 106.

8. T. Eagleton, ‘Introduction’ in Terry Eagleton (Ed.), Ideology (Harlow: Longman, 1996), pp. 1–22. Quote from p.14.

9. T. Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso, 2007), p. 145.

10. C. Bogdan, ‘The Sublime Gesture of Ideology. An Adornian Response to Žižek’, International Journal of Žižek Studies, 10 (2016), pp. 1–17.

11. R. Robertson, Public Satisfaction with the NHS and Social Care in 2016: Results and Trends from the British Social Attitudes Survey (London: Kings Fund, 2017), p. 16.

12. K. Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy Volume One (London: Penguin, 1992), p. 126.

13. K. Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Moscow: Progress, 1970), p. 45.

14. D. Held, Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), p. 220.

15. T. Adorno, Negative Dialectics (New York: Continuum, 1973), p. 178.

16. Ibid, p. 309.

17. A. Chari, A Political Economy of the Senses: Neo-liberalism, Reification, Critique (Chichester, NH: Columbia University Press, 2015), p. 144.

18. Ibid., pp. 144–145.

19. Ibid., p. 154.

20. T. Adorno, Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001), p. 115.

21. J. Bernstein, Adorno: Disenchantment and Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 412–413.

22. T. Adorno, Late Capitalism or Industrial Society? (online), 1968, Available at https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/adorno/1968/late-capitalism.htm (accessed 28 December 2014).

23. T. Adorno, ‘Reflections on Class Theory’ in Rolf Tiedemann (Ed.), Can One Live After Auschwitz: A Philosophical Reader (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), pp. 93–110.

24. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, op. cit., Ref. 15, p. 309.

25. E. Hammer, Adorno and the Political (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), p. 163.

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27. D. Himmelstein et al., Bleeding the Patient: The Consequences of Corporate Healthcare (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press), p. 24.

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29. R. Jaeggi, ‘Solidarity and Indifference’ in Ruud ter Meulen et al., (Eds), Solidarity and Health Care in Europe (London: Kluwer, 2001), pp. 287–308. Quote from p. 291.

30. Ibid., p. 292.

31. J. Torrance, Estrangement, Alienation and Exploitation: A Sociological Approach to Historical Materialism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1977), p. 315.

32. G. Lukacs, The Theory of the Novel (Merlin: London, 1971), p. 21.

33. T. Adorno, The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture (London: Routledge, 1991), p. 202.

34. P. Miller and N. Rose, Governing the Present: Administering Economic, Social and Personal Life (Cambridge: Policy Press, 2008), p. 75.

35. Freyenhagen, op. cit., Ref. 28, p. 49.

36. J. Thompson, Studies in the Theory of Ideology (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984), p. 194.

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39. Jaeggi, ‘Rethinking Ideology’, op cit., Ref. 37.

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42. Hammer, op cit., Ref. 25, p. 84.

43. See, for example, M. Jay, Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory: The Redemption of Illusion (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), p. 87.

44. Cook, ‘Adorno, Ideology and Ideology Critique’, op. cit., Ref. 1.

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46. Adorno, Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, op. cit., Ref. 20, p. 81.

47. Cook, ‘Adorno, Ideology and Ideology Critique’, op. cit., Ref. 1.

48. Adorno, Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, op. cit., Ref. 20, pp. 81–82.

49. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, op. cit., Ref. 15, p. 162.

50. B. O’Connor, Adorno (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013), p.45.

51. Ibid.

52. Jaeggi, ‘Rethinking Ideology’, op. cit., Ref. 37.

53. Adorno, ‘Ideology’, op. cit., Ref. 3. Quote from p.190.

54. Ibid. Quote from p.198.

55. Adorno, Late Capitalism or Industrial Society? op. cit., Ref. 22.

56. S. Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (London: Verso, 1989), p. 21.

57. Ibid., p.31.

58. T. Adorno, Minima Moralia (online), 1951, Available at http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/adorno/1951/mm/(accessed 20 June 2018).

59. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, op. cit., Ref. 15, p. xx.

60. Ibid, p.189.

61. T. Eagleton, After Theory (New York: Basic Books, 2003), p. 106.

62. Freyenhagen, op cit., Ref. 28, p. 14.

63. Ibid.

64. S. Walton, Neglected or Misunderstood: Introducing Theodor Adorno (Alresford: Zero Books, 2017), p. 164.

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66. S. Jarvis, Adorno: A Critical Introduction (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), p. 66.

67. T. Adorno, Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2005), p. 283.

68. Ibid.

69. Cook, ‘Adorno, Ideology and Ideology Critique’, op. cit., Ref. 1.

70. Ibid.

71. T. Adorno, History and Freedom: Lectures 1964–1965 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008), p. 83.

72. S. Marks, The Riddle of All Constitutions: International Law, Democracy and the Critique of Ideology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 27.

73. Cook, ‘Adorno, Ideology and Ideology Critique’, op. cit., Ref. 1.

74. Adorno, ‘Ideology’, op. cit., Ref. 3. Quote from p.202.

75. Adorno, Late Capitalism or Industrial Society?, op. cit., Ref. 22.

76. S. Hall, ‘The Neo-liberal Revolution’, Soundings, 48 (2011), pp. 9–27.

77. Adorno, Minima Moralia, op. cit., Ref. 58.

78. D. Cook, The Culture Industry Revisited: Theodor W. Adorno on Mass Culture (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996), p .89.

79. T. Adorno, Lectures on Negative Dialectics: Fragments of a Lecture Course 1965–1966 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008), p. 6.

80. Cook, ‘Adorno, Ideology and Ideology Critique’, op. cit., Ref. 1. Quote from p.14.

81. Brown, op. cit., Ref. 4, p. 57.

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83. P. Miller and N. Rose, op. cit., Ref. 34, p. 82.

84. J. Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action Volume 2: Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006), p. 370.

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86. Benbow, op. cit., Ref. 82.

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95. Paton, op. cit., Ref. 7, p.16.

96. Ibid., p. 106.

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100. Department of Health, NHS Plan. A Plan for Investment. A Plan for Reform (London, HMSO. 2000), p. 131.

101. Ibid., p. 13.

102. Health Committee, Foundation Trusts, Second Report, House of Commons Session 2002–03, Vol. I. (London: Stationery Office, 2003), p.28.

103. Mandelstam, Betraying the NHS, op. cit., Ref. 98, p. 56.

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107. Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act (2003), S.1.

108. Department of Health (DOH), Health Reform in England: Update and Next Steps (London: DOH, 2007), p. 3.

109. M. Roberts, ‘A Third of NHS Contracts Awarded to private firms-report’, BBC, 10 December 2014.

110. T. Blair, A Journey (London: Hutchinson, 2010), p .212.

111. Liaison Committee, Minutes of Evidence, 13 December 2007, HC 2007–08, Q3.

112. Terra Firma, ‘Operating Partners’ (online) Available at https://www.terrafirma.com/ian-smith.html (accessed 23 August 2016).

113. Labour Party, Ambitions for Britain: Labour’s Manifesto 2001 (London: Labour, 2001), p. 22.

114. Department of Health (DOH), (2003) Choice, Responsiveness and Equity in the NHS and Social Care (London: DOH, 2003), p. 3.

115. J. Le Grand, The Other Invisible Hand: Delivering Public Services Through Choice and Competition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 161.

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117. C. Needham, The Reform of Public Services under New Labour: Narratives of Consumerism (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007), p. 115.

118. Adorno, History and Freedom, op. cit., Ref. 71 at p. 253.

119. Ibid.

120. Ibid.

121. Ibid.

122. Ibid.

123. M. Fotaki, ‘Patient Choice in Healthcare in England and Sweden: From Quasi- Market and back to Market? A Comparative Analysis of Failure in Unlearning’, Public Administration, 85 (2007), pp. 1059–1075.

124. Ibid.

125. Department of Health, NHS Plan, op. cit., Ref. 100, p. 26.

126. H.C. Deb .7 May 2003, Vol. 404, Col.7 07.

127. See, for example, P. Burge et al, London Patient Choice Project Evaluation: A Model of Patients Choices of Hospital from Stated and Revealed Preference Choice Data (London: Rand, 2005), p. xiii.

128. Department of Health (DOH), Choice Matters: 2007–8: Putting Patients in Control (London: DOH, 2007), pp. 6–8.

129. A. Dixon et al., Patient Choice: How Patient’s Choose and How Providers Respond (London: Kings Fund, 2010), p. 20.

130. Ibid., p. 65.

131. J. Clarke et al, ‘Creating Citizen-Consumers? Public Service Reform and (Un)willing Selves’ in Sabine Massen and Barbara Sutter (Eds), On Willing Selves: Neo-liberal Politics vis-à-vis the Neuro-scientific Challenge (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007), pp .125–145. Quote from p. 136.

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135. K. Newbigging, ‘Blowin’ in the wind: The Involvement of People who use services, carers and the public in health and social care’ in Mark Exworthy et al. (Eds), Dismantling the NHS? Evaluating the Impact of Health Reforms (Bristol: Policy Press, 2016), pp. 301–322; R. Francis, Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry: Executive Summary (London: Stationery Office, 2013), p. 47.

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140. S. Hall, op. cit., Ref. 76. Quote from p. 23.

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158. Ibid., p. 141.

159. Health and Social Care (HSC) Act (2012), S.181.

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192. Ibid. Quote from p. 4.

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200. Health and Medicines Act (1988), S.7(2)(H).

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205. HSC Act (2012), S.103.

206. M. Marmot et al., Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review (London: University College London, 2010).

207. For example, the Secretary of State for Health must have regard to the need to reduce health inequalities in exercising their functions (NHS Act (2006), S.1 C as amended by HSC Act (2012), S.4.) and NHS England and CCGs must have regard to the need to reduce inequalities in respect of access (NHS Act (2006), S.13 G(A) and S.14 T(A) as amended by HSC Act (2012), S.23 and S.25) and outcomes (NHS Act (2006), S.13 G(B) and S.14 T(B) as amended by HSC Act (2012), S.23 and S.25).

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212. F. Jameson, Valences of the Dialectic (London: Verso, 2010), p. 386.

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214. V. Navarro, Class Struggle, the State and Medicine: An Historical and Contemporary Analysis of the Medical Sector in Great Britain (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1978), p. 61.

215. A. Mold, Making the Patient Consumer: Patient Organizations and Health Consumerism in Britain (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015), p. 43.

216. P. Vincent-Jones, ‘Embedding Economic Relationships through social learning? The Limits of Patient and Public Involvement in Healthcare governance in England’, Journal of Law and Society, 38 (2011), pp. 215–244.

217. Benbow, op. cit., Ref. 82.

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