Pituitary-adrenal axis hormones in early-onset versus late-onset panic disorder

Abstract

Objective

It has been hypothesised that early-onset panic disorder (PD) may constitute a biologically distinct subtype of PD, but the few relevant data are inconclusive. We systematically explored for potential psychopathological and hormonal differences between early-onset (age at onset ≤ 27 years) versus late-onset PD, in consecutively-referred, medication-free, acutely-ill PD outpatients, moreover without comorbid mental disorders except agoraphobia (N = 54; age = 32.3 ± 7.5 years; early-onset = 27; females = 38).

Methods

Hormones assessed (plasma levels) included adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS). Psychopathological measures included panic attacks’ number during last three weeks, the Agoraphobic Cognitions and the Body Sensations Questionnaires and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.

Results

Early-onset PD patients – compared to their late-onset counterparts – had longer duration of the disease. The two onset-groups demonstrated similar panic and anxiety symptoms and similar ratios of smokers/never-smokers. However, early-onset patients demonstrated significantly greater ACTH and DHEAS levels and higher (marginally significant) cortisol levels than the late-onset patients. Moreover, in the early-onset patients only, significant positive correlations emerged between ACTH levels and the severity of both panic and anxiety symptomatology.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the two onset-groups demonstrate significant differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, at least when acutely-ill.

Key points

• Early-onset panic disorder (EOPD) may differ biologically from late-onset PD (LOPD).

• EOPD was correlated with greater adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plasma levels.

• EOPD was correlated with greater dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate plasma levels.

• In EOPD only, ACTH levels were positively correlated with panic and anxiety symptoms.

Keywords:

• Early-onset panic disorder
• hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
• adrenocorticotropic hormone
• cortisol
• dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).