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Abstract
The paper navigates Ethiopia's history of resistance against Italian colonial aggression as reported by New Times and Ethiopia News (NTEN) founded and edited by Sylvia Pankhurst in defence of Ethiopia. Her London-based weekly, which started the day fascist forces took control of Addis Ababa, was in the years to come to step up discursive pressure on Italy and the big powers for the salvation of the Eastern African nation. The paper reported on the freedom fighters’ victories in the antifascist resistance through the empire as well as the diplomatic and activist crusades in Geneva, London and the United States by the government in exile as well as friends of Ethiopia. Using a sample of archival corpus of the newspaper and employing rhetorical methods, the study examines narratives of victimhood, resistance and victory as carried in headlines covering the period 1936–41.
Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Askew, “The Secret Agreement,” 47; Robertson, “The Hoare-Laval Plan,” 433; Sbacchi, “Secret Talks for Submission,” 668.
2 Pankhurst, “Our Policy,” NTEN. May 9, 1936.1.
3 E.g. Campbell, The Addis Ababa Massacre, 72.
4 Pankhurst, “For Ethiopia and Justice,” NTEN, June 15, 1940, 2.
5 Shilliam, European Cosmopolitanism, 43–58.
6 See Masthead for NTEN of 9 May 1936; April 29, 1939; Dec 30, 1939.
7 Dyer-Witheford, Cyber-Marx, 60.
8 Gagliarducci et al., “War of the Waves,” 4.
9 Baldoli, “Italian Fascism in Britain,” 121.
10 Colamosca, “Italy's Colonial War,” under “Ethiopian Perspective.”
11 Woldemariam, “Alternative Representations of War,” 44.
12 Srivastava, A Partisan Press, 147.
13 Pankhurst, “Sylvia and New Times,” 149.
14 Burgchardt, “Ideographic Criticism,” 25.
15 Dor, On Newspaper Headlines, 720.
16 Ibid., 720.
17 Hall, “Materials Production,” 232.
18 van Dijk, “Semantic Macro-Structures,” 3; Aukes, “Narrative and Frame Analysis,” 1.
19 Kuypers, “Framing Analysis,” 186.
20 Ferreira-Buckley, “Twentieth-Century Roots,” 330; Garner et al., “Implementing Research Findings,” 532.
21 Lacy, Robinson, and Riffe, “Sample Size in Content Analysis,” 336.
22 Barston, Modern Diplomacy, 1; Sbacchi, “Secret Talks for Submission,” 670.
23 “The Emperor's Broadcast to America,” NTEN, 1938, 1.
24 “Three Great Powers Betrayed Us,” NTEN, July 11, 1936, 4.
25 Marcus, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress.
26 Barker, Rape of Ethiopia, 131.
27 “A Nation Crucified,” NTEN, March 27, 1937, 1.
28 “The Great Betrayal at Geneva,” NTEN, July 11, 1936, 1.
29 “Negus [King's] Family in Poverty,” NTEN, January 22, 1938, 3.
30 Sbacchi, “Secret Talks for Submission,” 671.
31 “The Emperor Denies Rumours,” NTEN, Dec 26, 1939, 1.
32 “Poison Gas Causes New Disease,” NTEN, Dec 31, 1938, 1.
33 “The Emperor to the League: Full Text of his Speech,” NTEN, July 11, 1936, 1.
34 “Women and Children Mutilated,” NTEN Jan 7, 1939, 3.
35 Mack, Mussolini, 34.
36 “An Appeal from a Condemned People,” NTEN July 11, 1936, 1.
37 “Thousands Murdered in Addis Ababa,” NTEN, March 13, 1937, 1.
38 Sava, “Ethiopia Under Mussolini,” NTEN, 1940, 3.
39 Ibid, 3.
40 Sava, “Ethiopia under Mussolini. Eyewitness,” NTEN, January 4, 1941, 3.
41 Mattioli, Ian Campbell- The Massacre, 2017.
42 Semetko and Valkenburg, “Framing European Politics,” 95.
43 Pankhurst, “Our Policy,” NTEN. May 9, 1936.1.
44 Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action, 1996, 27.
45 “Famine in Addis Ababa,” NTEN, Feb 12, 1938, 3.
46 Sterba, Justice for Here and Now, 32.
47 “Italy Threatens to Exterminate,” NTEN, Dec 19, 1936, 1.
48 “An Ethiopian Woman Tells,” NTEN, Nov 21, 1936, 1.
49 “Patriots Invade Addis Ababa,” NTEN, May 9, 1936, 1.
50 “Ethiopia Still Resisting,” Dec 12, 1936, 1.
51 “Sadness among Citizens in Addis Ababa,” Dec 12, 1936.
52 “Victory by Poison Gas,” NTEN, July 11, 1936, 2.
53 “Poison Gas vs. Spears,” NTEN, Dec 16, 1937, 2.
54 “The Rape of Abyssinia,” NTEN, June 13, 3.
55 “Unconquered Abyssinia,” NTEN, 19 Jan 1937, 1.
56 Ibid., 1.
57 “Trains of Italians Wounded,” NTEN, Jan 19, 1937, 1.
58 “More News of Abyssinia,” NTEN, Jan 16, 1937, 1.
59 “Onslaught Still Goes On,” NTEN, Dec 11, 1937, 1.
60 “Serious Fighting in Addis,” NTEN, Dec 18, 1937, 2.
61 “Italians are Deserting,” NTEN Dec 24, 1937, 5.
62 “We are Completely Isolated,” NTEN, Jan 16, 1939, 2.
63 “One Thousand Italians Wounded,” NTEN, Jan 1, 1938, 1.
64 “Fierce Fighting in Abyssinia,” NTEN, Feb 18, 1939, 1.
65 “Italian Planes Bomb Natives,” NTEN, Jan 15, 1938, 1.
66 “Army Supplied by Plane,” NTEN, Feb 25, 1939, 1.
67 “Patriots Force Italian Soldier,” NTEN Dec 24, 1938, 1.
68 “1045 Ethiopian Chiefs Reject,” NTEN, Feb 12, 1938, 1.
69 “Six Thousand Italians Killed,” NTEN, Feb 5, 1938, 1.
70 “Mussolini Sends 65,000 Men,” NTEN, Dec 16, 1939, 3.
71 “A 3000 Year old People,” NTEN, July 2, 1938, 2.
72 “Ras Hoisted Abyssinian Flag,” NTEN, Oct 14, 1939, 1.
73 “Poison Gas vs. Spears,” NTEN, Dec 16, 1937, 1.
74 “Airplanes Destroyed Near Sidamo,” NTEN, April 13, 1940, 1.
75 “For Ethiopia and Justice,” NTEN, June 15, 1940, 2.
76 “Fascism Crumbles,” NTEN, Jan 11, 1941, 1.
77 “The Drums of Victory are Heard,” NTEN, Jan 25, 1941, 1.
78 “From One End of Abyssinia,” NTEN, Feb 1, 1941, 1.
79 “Emperor Enters Addis Ababa,” NTEN, Feb 1, 1941, 1.
80 Su, “Feeling the Catastrophe,” 364.
81 Xu, Sang, and Kim, “What Drives Hyper-Partisan News,” 486.
82 “The Drums of Victory Heard,” NTEN, Jan 25, 1941, 1.
83 “Ethiopian Independence Recognized,” NTEN, July 20, 1940, 1.
84 “Gratitude to Britain,” NTEN, Jan 18, 1941, 1.
85 “Britain, Ethiopia: Doubtful Points,” NTEN, Feb 15, 1941, 3.
86 Keith, “Restore full Independence,” NTEN, Sep 27, 1941, 1.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Amanuel GebruWoldearegay
Amanuel Gebru Woldearegay, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 150350, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. E-mail [email protected]