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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 21, 2019 - Issue 5
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Articles

Optimising HIV programming for transgender women in Brazil

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Pages 543-558 | Received 18 Dec 2017, Accepted 29 Jun 2018, Published online: 31 Oct 2018
 

Abstract

In Brazil, little data is available to inform HIV prevention programming for travestis and transgender (‘trans’) women, despite the existence of a social movement that has gained strength in recent years. We conducted formative research in Rio de Janeiro to gather trans women’s perspectives on combination HIV prevention approaches. Framing the analysis within the model of gender affirmation, we found that several social and contextual factors inhibited participants’ access to HIV prevention and treatment. Experienced and anticipated gender-related discrimination and HIV stigma were linked to the avoidance of HIV testing, health services and HIV status disclosure. Participants recommended HIV prevention interventions which combined socio-structural interventions, such as peer-based empowerment and social support, with biomedical interventions such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Participants expressed a preference for programmes and interventions that emphasised a gender-affirmative approach, promoted autonomy and aimed to reduce stigma and discrimination in public health services.

Résumé

Au Brésil, trop peu de données sont disponibles pour pouvoir orienter les programmes de prévention du VIH ciblant les travestis et les femmes transgenres, malgré l’existence d’un mouvement social qui s’est renforcé ces dernières années. Nous avons conduit une recherche formative à Rio de Janeiro afin de collecter les points de vue des femmes transgenres sur les approches de prévention combinée du VIH. En circonscrivant l’analyse au modèle de l’affirmation du genre, nous avons découvert que plusieurs facteurs sociaux et contextuels gênaient l’accès des participantes à la prévention et au traitement du VIH. La discrimination fondée sur le genre et le stigma du VIH, expérimentés et anticipés, étaient associés à l’évitement du dépistage du VIH, des services de santé et du dévoilement du statut vis-à-vis du VIH. Les participantes ont recommandé des interventions de prévention du VIH qui combinaient des interventions socioculturelles, comme des actions d’autonomisation et de soutien social reposant sur des pairs, avec des interventions biomédicales comme la prophylaxie préexposition (PrEP). Les participantes ont fait part de leur préférence pour des programmes et des interventions mettant l’accent sur une approche affirmative du genre, promouvant l’autonomie et visant à réduire le stigma et la discrimination dans les services publics de santé.

Resumen

En Brasil existen pocos datos disponibles que informen sobre los programas de prevención del virus del sida para mujeres travestis y transgénero (‘trans’), pese a la existencia de un movimiento social que ha cobrado fuerza en los últimos años. Llevamos a cabo una investigación formativa en Río de Janeiro con el objetivo de obtener información sobre qué opinan las mujeres trans de una combinación de enfoques de prevención del VIH. Al preparar el análisis en el modelo de la afirmación del género, observamos que varios factores sociales y contextuales impedían a las participantes acceder a los programas de prevención y tratamiento del VIH. Evitaban hacerse la prueba del sida, acceder a los servicios sanitarios y revelar su estado de VIH debido a la discriminación experimentada y anticipada con relación a su género y el estigma del VIH. Las participantes recomendaban que en los programas de prevención del VIH se combinasen las intervenciones socioestructurales, tales como el empoderamiento de coetáneos y el apoyo social, con programas biomédicos, tales como la profilaxis antes de la exposición al VIH (PrEP). Las participantes expresaron que preferían los programas y las intervenciones que destacasen un enfoque afirmativo del género, fomentaran la autonomía y ayudasen a reducir el estigma y la discriminación en los servicios sanitarios públicos.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a grant from the US National Institutes of Health, University of California, San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, #P30MH062246. Much appreciation to Lissa Moran for the coordination of this project and to the following individuals who provided critical input: Cristiane Regina Vinissius de Castro, Laylla Monteiro, Kakau Ferreira, Biancka Fernandes and our study participants.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 To respect the diversity of terms in Brazil and the discussions within the international literature (Dourado et al. Citation2016), in this paper we use the umbrella term ‘trans women’ in English to refer to people assigned ‘male’ at birth who identify as female, transgender or transsexual. Throughout the paper we retain the original terms in Portuguese used by participants to describe their gender identities (in italics).

2 An in-depth discussion of US trans identities in Brazil is beyond the scope of this article; we direct the reader to Kulick (Citation1998) and Garcia (Citation2009).

Additional information

Funding

US National Institute of Mental Health.

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