https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4196-6739
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ABSTRACT
Previous literature on diasporas assert that political crises such as revolutions in home states work as pressuring devices which activate diasporas, alongside political opportunity structures (POS) present in host countries, as an explanation for mobilisation. However, this does not sufficiently explain why two diaspora groups from the same country of origin mobilise in a sustained or episodic manner. Through interviews this paper will focus on the two core Egyptian diaspora groups in the United Kingdom (UK) since 2011 – the sustained mobilisation of the Egyptian Revolutionary Council (ERC), and the episodic mobilisation of the Egyptian National Association for Change (ENAC). It argues that the availability of specific incorporation mechanisms such as movement diffusion and the (non) -existence of elite proximity in host states incorporate or disincorporate a group, leading to sustained or episodic mobilisation. It contributes to emerging literature on contentious diaspora politics with these two added variables.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes
1 For information about the Rabaa incident see: Human Rights Watch special report, available from : https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/08/12/all-accordingplan/raba-massacre-and-mass-killings-protesters-egypt.
2 Alan Travis, Mon 3 Aug 2009, New migrants to Britain face 'points test for citizenship', accessed at https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/aug/03/immigration-minister-phil-woolas.
3 Interview, MAB Founder and former MB UK spokesperson, London, January 8, 2018.
4 The Freedom and Justice party are the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood, established in 2011, following the collapse of Hosni Mubarak’s presidency after the January 25 uprising.
5 According to a study carried out by Girgis and Osman, cited by Zohry (Citation2013), the revolution played an important catalytic role: 75% of Copts interviewed decided to emigrate after the revolution, a figure that falls to 42% for Muslims.
6 Paris, Washington, Toronto London, Vienna, Berlin and Stockholm all witnessed the emergence of diaspora protest groups, established to support either Mohammad Morsi or Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
7 Interview, MAB Founder and former MB UK spokesperson, London, January 8, 2018, MB spokesman, London, 1 October 2017
8 Verified by interviews from ERC and ENAC activists and video evidence on documentary commissioned by ENAC activist.
9 The FJP won 46 percent of the parliamentary election vote in 2011, with the Salafist Al Nour party winning 21 percent of the vote. Muhammad Morsi won the presidential election in June 2012 with 51 percent of the vote in the runoff against Ahmed Shafiq, the former vice president of deposed President Hosni Mubarak. Shafiq ran as an independent but was given support by the Mubarak’s governing party, the National Democratic Party, who were dismantled after the 2011 Tahrir uprising.
10 Ibrahim, Ekram (September 18, 2012). Egyptian Copt jailed for insulting Islam, Morsi on Facebook. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
11 Interview, ENAC Senior Members, January 20, 2018.
12 Interview, Bishop Angaelos, General Bishop in the United Kingdom of the Coptic Orthodox Church, February 20, 2018.
13 Interview, Two Senior Committee Members of St Mark Coptic Church, joint interview, October 15, 2017.
14 David Hearst, (April 15, 2014). When Cameron took the Muslim Brotherhood to lunch, Middle East Eye. Accessed on January 10, 2018, http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/exclusive-when-cameron-took-muslim-brotherhood-lunch-1165083182.
15 Interview, ENAC Senior Members, January 20, 2018.
16 Interview, ENAC Senior Members, January 20, 2018.
17 Interview, Chairman of the Egyptian Community Centre, October 10, 2017.
18 Interview, ENAC Senior Member, January 20, 2018.
19 UK Government Policy paper, Muslim Brotherhood Review: Main Findings, 17 December 2015, accessed at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/muslim-brotherhood-review-main-findings.
20 Interview, ENAC Senior Member, January 20, 2018.
21 Interview, ENAC Senior Member, January 20, 2018.
22 Interview, ENAC Senior Member, January 20, 2018.
23 St. Marks is one of the longest established Coptic Christian Churches in the United Kingdom.
24 Interview, Bishop Angaelos, General Bishop in the United Kingdom of the Coptic Orthodox Church, February 20, 2018.
25 Interview, Chair ERC, December 10, 2017.
26 Interview, Founder of the Labour Friends of the Middle East, December 10, 2017.
27 Interview, ENAC Senior Member, October 25, 2017, Chairman of CMEC, October 14, 2017.
28 Interview, Chairman of the APPGE, June 6, 2018.
29 Interview, ENAC Senior Members, October 25, 2017, Chairman of the APPGE, June 6, 2018.
30 Interview, Chair ERC, December 10, 2017.
31 Interview, Chairman, Arab Friends of Labour, October 25, 2017.
32 Kirkpatrick (Citation2014). International Observers Find Egypt’s Presidential Election Fell Short of Standards, New York Times, May 29, accessed at https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/world/middleeast/international-observers-find-fault-with-egypt-vote.html.
33 Interview, Chair ERC, December 10, 2017.
34 Interview, Parliamentary Coordinator for CAAT, May, 2018.
35 Interview, Co-ordinator for the APPG for Human Rights. August 1, 2018.
36 Interview, Parliamentary Coordinator for CAAT, May, 2018.
37 Interview, MAB Founder and former MB UK spokesperson, London, January 8, 2018.
38 Interview, ERC spokesman, London, 1 October 2017, StW Founder, London, 1 March 2018.
39 Interview, StW Founder, London, 1 March 2018.