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Article

Towards the 1868/69 Jewish congress in Hungary: Minister Eötvös’s project of confessional autonomy and the Emancipation Act in 1867

Pages 226-239 | Received 03 Nov 2019, Accepted 30 Apr 2020, Published online: 21 Jul 2020
 

ABSTRACT

Comprehending the role played by Baron József Eötvös, Minister of Religion and Education, in connection with the 1868/69 Jewish congress in Hungary is of paramount importance in better understanding the events that led to the schism of the Orthodox and Neolog Jewry. To fill a long-standing gap in the scholarship regarding the contextualisation of the congress, its preparations, and its repercussions in the religious policies of the Hungarian government, my paper presents the first year of Eötvös’s alliance with the Neolog party. It shows that the minister’s project of confessional autonomy from mid-1867 fundamentally predetermined the outlines of the congress.

Acknowledgements

This study is part of a project ‘The edition of József Eötvös’s correspondence’ (principal investigator: Gábor Gángó, 2015–2019, and András Cieger, 2020–2023) at the Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary, that has received funding from the National Office of Research, Development and Innovation (NKFIH), Hungary, under the grant agreement No 112137 and 131564. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Tamás Turán for his help, commentaries, and criticism to the early drafts of this paper. I thank him, as well as Dr András Cieger, for generously providing me with copies of items of primary and secondary literature.

Disclosure statement

I wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication.

Notes

1. For more detail, see Jacob Katz, A House Divided: Orthodoxy and Schism in Nineteenth-Century Central European Jewry, trans. Ziporah Brody (Hanover: Brandeis University Press, 1998), 77–85; and Michael K. Silber, “The Emergence of Ultra-Orthodoxy: The Invention of a Tradition,” in The Uses of Tradition: Jewish Continuity in the Modern Era, ed. Jack Werthemer (New York/Jerusalem: Distributed by Harvard University Press, 1992), 50–9.

2. Previous accounts: Leopold Löw, Der jüdische Kongress in Ungarn, historisch beleuchtet [The Jewish congress in Hungary, historically elucidated] (Pest: L. Aigner, 1871), 281–322; Sándor Büchler, “Eötvös József báró és a magyar zsidóság [József Eötvös and Hungarian Jewry],” Izraelita Tanügyi Értesítő 38, no. 8 (1913); Zsigmond Grossmann, A magyar zsidók a XIX. század közepén [Hungarian Jews in the middle of the 19th century] (Budapest: Egyenlőség, 1917), 82–136; József Bánóczi, “Eötvös és az emancipáció [Eötvös and the emancipation of Jews],” Évkönyv, kiadja az Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Társulat 42 (1918): 7–11; Lajos Venetianer, “Az emancipáció története [A history of the emancipation],” ibid., 32–52; Nathaniel Katzburg, “The Jewish Congress of Hungary, 1868–1869,” in Hungarian-Jewish Studies, ed. Randolph L. Braham (New York: World Federation of Hungarian Jews, 1969), vol. 2, 1–33; Thomas Domján, “Der Kongress der ungarischen Israeliten 1868–1869 [The congress of the Hungarian Jews 1868–1869],” Ungarn Jahrbuch 1 (1969): 139–62; Brigitta Eszter Gantner, “Az egyetemes izraelita kongresszus 1868–69-ben. Küzdelem az asszimilációért és ellene [The Universal Congress of the Israelites in 1868–69. A struggle for and against assimilation],”’ in Honszeretet és felekezeti hűség: Wahrmann Mór 1831–1892, ed. Tibor Frank (Budapest: Argumentum, 2006), 91–110; Katz, House Divided, 89–203; Nathaniel Katzburg, Fejezetek az újkori zsidó történelemből Magyarországon [Chapters of modern Jewish history in Hungary] (Budapest: MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport – Osiris Kiadó, 1999), 96–8; Miklós Konrád, “Eötvös József és a zsidók [József Eötvös and the Jews],” Történelmi Szemle 56, no. 3 (2014): 504–7. In conformity with the usual denominations of the Jewish factions in the scholarship as well as Eötvös’s usage – ‘Orthodox and Innovator’ (ortodoxok és újítók), I write ‘Orthodox’ and ‘Neolog’ in this study. Eötvös to Loránd Eötvös, 28 October 1868. József Eötvös’s letters to Loránd Eötvös, Collection of Letters, National Széchényi Library, Budapest, Hungary, letter no. 18. With incorrect date in: József Eötvös, Levelek [Letters], ed., foreword Ambrus Oltványi (Budapest: Magyar Helikon, 1978), 570. For the historical semantics of these words see Tamás Turán, “Ortodox, neológ: a magyar zsidó valláspártok elnevezéseinek történetéről [Orthodox, Neolog: On the history of the denominations of Jewish religious parties in Hungary],” Regio: Kisebbség, Kultúra, Politika, Társadalom 24, no. 4 (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.17355/rkkpt.v24i3.128.

3. Rabbinische Gutachten über die Statuten und Beschlüsse des ung.-isr. Kongresses [Rabbinic reports on the statutes and resolutions of the Hungarian-Jewish congress], (Pest: I. Neuer, 1869), 4; cf. Katz, House Divided, 181.

4. Nathaniel Katzburg, “Ha-Kongress ha-yehudi be-Ungarya bi-shnat Tav-Resh-Khaf-Ṭet. Reshimah shel meqorot,” Areshet 4 (1966): 325. Tamás Turán’s translation. On the Jewish congress with relation to Eötvös’s religious policies see Paul Bödy, Joseph Eötvös and the Modernization of Hungary 1840–1870 (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1972), 115–24; and András Cieger, “Az elvszerűség paradoxonjai. Eötvös József második minisztersége (1867–1871) [Paradoxes of the politics of principles: József Eötvös’s second Ministry],” in A kincset csak fáradsággal hozhatjuk napvilágra. Tanulmánykötet báró Eötvös József születésének 200. évfordulójára, ed. Gábor Gángó (Budapest: ELTE Eötvös József Collegium, 2013), 337–57.

5. A Magyar Országgyűlés mélyen tisztelt Képviselőházához intézett Emlékirata az izraelita egyetemes gyűlés bizottságának az 1868. évi deczember 10-ére meghívott izraelita congressus által hozott határozatok tárgyában [Memorandum to the House of Representatives by the Committee of the Jewish Congress concerning its resolutions] (Budapest: Pesti Könyvnyomda, 1870), 6; Katzburg, Fejezetek, 84.

6. Eötvös to Miksa Falk, 26 April 1867. Eötvös, Levelek, 479.

7. Ibid., 493–500.

8. A Magyar Országgyűlés, Annex ‘a,’ 2.

9. Eötvös to Falk, 26 April 1867. Eötvös, Levelek, 480. For the distinction between a synod and a congress, see. C. Wilke’s paper in the present issue.

10. Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums 32, no. 11 (10 March 1868): 204. Cf. Katz, House Divided, 100.

11. For an interpretation, see Steven Béla Vardy, “The Origins of Jewish emancipation in Hungary: The Role of Baron Joseph Eötvös,” Ungarn-Jahrbuch 7 (1976): 137–67; Konrád, Eötvös, 495–500; a review article: Enikő Gyarmati, “Eötvös József: A zsidók emancipátiója: Historiográfiai áttekintés 1913–2013 [József Eötvös: The Emancipation of Jews: A historiographical overview 1913–2013],” Kisebbségkutatás 23, no. 3 (2014): 124–46. For the broader context, see Ernő Bródy, “A magyar szabadelvűek mozgalma a zsidók egyenjogúsításáért 1840-ben [The movement of Hungarian Liberals in 1840 for the emancipation of Jews],” Magyar Zsidó Szemle 50 (1933): 201–47; Béla Bernstein, “A zsidókérdés 1848 előtt [The Jewish question before 1848],” Magyar Zsidó Szemle 53 (1936): 160–72; Ernő Ballagi, “A magyarországi zsidóemancipáció előzményei [Antecedents of the emancipation of Jews in Hungary],” Magyar Zsidó Szemle 58 (1941): 59–77; and Michael K. Silber, “The Entrance of Jews into Hungarian Society in Vormärz: the Case of the ‘Casinos’,” in Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe, ed. Jonathan Frankel and Steven J. Zipperstein (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 284–323.

12. József Eötvös, Über die Gleichberechtigung der Nationalitäten in Österreich [On the Equal Rights of the Nationalities in Austria] (Pest: Hartleben, 1850), 3. Cf. Gábor Gángó, Eötvös József az emigrációban [József Eötvös in exile] (Debrecen: Kossuth Egyetemi Kiadó, 1999), 140–81.

13. Joseph Eötvös, Der Einfluß der herrschenden Ideen des 19. Jahrhunderts auf den Staat [The impact of the dominant ideas of the 19th century on the State], Theil 1 (Vienna: Fr. Manz, 1851), 96–7. Cf. Konrád, Eötvös, 501; Gábor Gángó, Eötvös József uralkodó eszméi: Kontextus és kritika [József Eötvös’s dominant ideas: Context and critique] (Budapest: Argumentum, 2006).

14. Bödy, Eötvös, 116; Katz, House Divided, 91–2.

15. Quoted after Lajos Venetianer, A zsidóság szervezete az európai államokban [The organisation of Jews in European countries] (Budapest: Franklin-Társulat, 1901), 509.

16. See above all Eötvös to Loránd Eötvös, 7 December 1868. Eötvös, Levelek, 572: ‘The House finishes on 10 December and I summoned the Jewish congress on the same day. [… I]t attempts the solution of a problem that this way had not been attempted by anyone yet’; and Eötvös to Montalembert, 15 December 1868. Győző Concha, Eötvös és Montalembert barátsága [The friendship between Eötvös and Montalembert] (Budapest: Szent István Társulat, 1918), 319; in Hungarian translation: Eötvös, Levelek, 573–4: ‘I hope that still in the year of 1869 […] I can see the autonomous organisation of all the religious communities in Hungary and thus I can carry out the principle “free Church in a free State” at least in one single country.’

17. József Eötvös, Vallomások és gondolatok [Confessions and Thoughts], ed., foreword Miklós Bényei (Budapest: Magyar Helikon, 1980), 729–30. Bernát Heller highlighted as early as in 1913 the relevance of these thoughts to Eötvös’s policies concerning the Jews. Bernát Heller, “Eötvös József báró [Baron József Eötvös],” Évkönyv, kiadja az Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Társulat 36 (1913): 44.

18. Quoted in English translation after Katz, House Divided, 89.

19. Ulrich Wyrwa, Juden in der Toskana und in Preußen im Vergleich: Aufklärung und Emanzipation in Florenz, Livorno, Berlin und Königsberg i. Pr [Jews in Tuscany and Prussia in comparison: Enlightenment and emancipation in Florence, Livorno, Berlin, and Königsberg in Prussia] (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 2003), 8. For the broader context, see Jacob Katz, Zur Assimilation und Emazipation der Juden [On the assimilation and emancipation of the Jews] (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1982).

20. For the institution of received religions, see A. Prepuk’s paper in the present issue, and the next note.

21. ‘Bevett vallás [Received religion],’ in Magyar Katolikus Lexikon, ed. István Diós and János Viczián (Budapest: Szent István Társulat, 1993–2014) http://lexikon.katolikus.hu; Tamás Turán, ‘“As the Christians Go, so Go the Jews” – Hungarian Judaism in Its Denominational Matrix in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” in Dubnow-Institut Yearbook 16 (2017), ed. Yfaat Weiss (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2019), 61–93, here: 66, note 20; Katz, House Divided, 90. Previous discussions: Gábor Gyáni and György Kövér, Magyarország társadalomtörténete a reformkortól a második világháborúig [A social history of Hungary from the Reform Era to World War II] (Budapest: Osiris, 1998), 127–32; and László Péter, “Church-State Relations and Civil Society in Hungary: A Historical Perspective,” in László Péter, Hungary’s Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective. Collected Studies, ed. Miklós Lojkó (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 405–25.

22. For a detailed account of this transition period, see A. Prepuk’s study in the present issue.

23. Mór Mezei, “Visszaemlékezés az emancipáció idejére [Recollections from the time of the emancipation],” Évkönyv, kiadja az Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Társulat 42 (1918): 29–30.

24. Képviselőházi napló [Protocols of the House of Representatives] 1865–1868, vol. 4 (Pest: Emich Gusztáv, 1867), 55.

25. Ibid., 149. It seems an exaggeration to interpret this episode as a debate between Horváth and Eötvös: Ernő Ballagi, “A magyar zsidóság harca az emancipációért [The struggle of Hungarian Jewry for emancipation],” Évkönyv, kiadja az Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Társulat 62 (1940): 166; Ballagi, ‘Szabadelvűség és magyar zsidóság [Liberalism and Hungarian Jewry],„ Évkönyv, kiadja az Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Társulat 63 (1941): 224. For Horváth’s role in the Jewish Emancipation Act, see Attila Katona, Zsidóság és zsidókérdés Vas vármegyében 1910–1938 [Jewry and the Jewish question in Vas County, 1910–1938], (PhD Diss., University of Pécs, BTK Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Pécs, 2009), 17. Cf. Miklós Konrád, “A galíciai zsidó bevándorlás mítosza [The myth of the Jewish immigration from Galicia],” Századok 152, no. 1 (2018): 40.

26. Képviselőházi napló, vol. 4, 245–6.

27. Árpád Zeller, A magyar egyházpolitika 1847–1894 [Religious policies in Hungary, 1847–1894], vol. 1: 1847–1872 (Budapest: Boruth E., 1894), 264.

28. Képviselőházi napló, vol. 4, 311.

29. Képviselőházi napló, vol. 5 (Pest: Emich Gusztáv, 1868), 234; Zeller, Egyházpolitika, 261, 263, 263–4. Previous discussions: Róbert Jánosi Engel “Báró Eötvös József és a magyar zsidóság emancipációja [Baron József Eötvös and the emancipation of Hungarian Jewry],” Évkönyv, kiadja az Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Társulat 38 (1914): 22–3; and Ballagi, “A magyar zsidóság harca,” 166–7.

30. Képviselőházi napló, vol. 6 (Pest: Emich Gusztáv, 1868), 254; Főrendiházi napló [Protocols of the Upper House] 1865–1868 (Pest: Athenaeum, 1869), 307.

31. Zeller, Egyházpolitika, 264.

32. ‘Képesség’: Eötvös to Loránd Eötvös, 23 February 1868, 12 December 1868, and 17 August 1870. Eötvös, Levelek, 530, 576, 669. ‘Jogosít’: Eötvös to Menyhért Lónyay, 9 September 1868. Ibid., 567; Eötvös to Gedeon Tanárky, 5 September 1868 and 17 August 1869. Ibid., 564, 606. ‘Feljogosít’: Eötvös to János Simor, 19 December 1869. Ibid., 624, 634.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Gábor Gángó

Gábor Gángó obtained his PhD (CSc) in literary studies at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1997 and in philosophy at ELTE Budapest University, Hungary, in 2004. His research encompasses Early Modern and Modern history of philosophy, and intellectual history in East-Central Europe.

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