https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-3329
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ABSTRACT
The article offers a general overview of the conflicting political theologies developed by rivaling churches and religious movements in Ukrainian Orthodoxy with the view to protecting their ideological agendas and institutional interests under different socio-political circumstances. It explores the dynamics of politicization and depoliticization of autocephaly and the perspectives on the proper church-state relations in the works of the key representatives of Ukrainian autocephalism in the first half of the 20th c. Based on this, the study analyses how these theological frameworks were further interpreted and employed in the post-Soviet period in the discourses of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate and its successor the Orthodox Church of Ukraine. Finally, the article outlines an alternative political theology of autocephaly advanced by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate in order to justify its unity with the Russian Orthodox Church despite the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1991.
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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 For an overview of the schism in Ukrainian Orthodoxy, see: Denysenko, The Orthodox Church; Bociurkiw, “Politics and Religion.”
2 Denysenko, The Orthodox Church, 204.
3 See on this: Denysenko, The Orthodox Church; Bociurkiw, “The Ukrainian Autocephalous”; Ul’ianovs’kyi, Tserkva; Vlasovs’kyi, Narys.
4 For a detailed account of Lotots’kyi’s life, see: Partykevich, Between Kyiv.
5 Lotots’kyi, Avtokefaliia; Lotots’kyi, Ukrains’ki.
6 Lotots’kyi, V Tsarhorodi.
7 Lotots’kyi, Avtokefaliia, 3, 9.
8 Ibid., 123.
9 Ibid., 3.
10 Ibid., 12.
11 Lotots’kyi, Ukrains’ki, 133–134. The English translation of this passage, slightly edited for style, is quoted from: Bociurkiw, “The Politics of Religion,” 28.
12 Lotots’kyi, Ukrains’ki, 133.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Lotots’kyi, V Tsarhorodi, 80.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Lotots’kyi, Ukrains’ki, 133–134.
20 See on this: Vlasovs'kyi, Narys, 68–82.
21 Lotots’kyi, Avtokefaliia, 128–129.
22 Ibid., 139.
23 Ibid., 128–129.
24 Ibid., 137.
25 Ibid., 139.
26 Lotots’kyi, V Tsarhorodi, 82.
27 Lotots’kyi, Avtokefaliia, 143–144, 179.
28 Ibid., 131.
29 See on this: Vlasovs’kyi, Narys; Bociurkiw, “The Ukrainian Autocephalous”; Denysenko, The Orthodox Church.
30 Sokhan et al., Pershyi, 280–290; Diiannia.
31 Diiannia, 8.
32 See on Chekhivs’kyi: Prelovs’ka, Dzherela, 315; Sokhan et al., Pershyi, 40–41.
33 Sokhan et al., Pershyi, 135–137, 280–290.
34 Ibid. Also see: Chekhivs’kyi, Za tserkvu.
35 Denysenko, The Orthodox Church, 38–39.
36 Ibid.
37 Sokhan et al., Pershyi, 283.
38 Pyvovariv, “Tserkva,” 25–26.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid., 27.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid., 25.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid., 26, 28.
46 Ibid., 30.
47 Ibid.
48 Krotevych, “Do ideolohii,” 15–16.
49 Diiannia, 8–9, 28.
50 Lypkivs’kyi, Istoriia, 119.
51 Lypkivs’kyi, “Tserkva,” 5.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid.
55 Krotevych, “Do ideolohii”; Bociurkiw, “The Ukrainian Autocephalous.”
56 Lypkivs’kyi, “Tserkva,” 4.
57 Bociurkiw, “The Ukrainian Autocephalous,” 327–328.
58 Lypkivs’kyi, “Tserkva,” 5; Krotevych, “Do ideolohii,” 16.
59 Bociurkiw, “The Ukrainian Autocephalous,” 324–325.
60 See on this: Denysenko, The Orthodox Church.
61 Sysyn, “The Third Rebirth,” 114–115.
62 On the emergence of the UOC-KP, see: Bociurkiw, “Politics and Religion,” 147–148.
63 Patriarkh Filaret, Tom 6. Interviu, 425–437.
64 Prelovs’ka, Dzherela, 30.
65 Patriarkh Filaret, “Pomestnaia.”
66 Patriarkh Filaret, Tom 7, 104–107; Patriarkh Filaret, Tom 8, 550–557.
67 Patriarkh Filaret, Tom 7, 126.
68 Patriarkh Filaret, “Patriarkh UPTS KP.”
69 Patriarkh Filaret, Tom 8, 553.
70 Patriarkh Filaret, Tom 7, 713.
71 Patriarkh Filaret, Tom 6, 63.
72 Ibid.
73 Ibid., 88–89, 288.
74 Ibid., 208, 733.
75 Shestopalets, “Church as an Existential,” 720.
76 See on this, e.g.: Shestopalets, “Church and State.”
77 Kniazhyts’kyi, “Predstoiatel’.”
78 Payne, “Spiritual Security.”
79 Metropolitan Volodymyr, “Ukrains’ka.”
80 Metropolitan Volodymyr. “Tserkva zaklykaie.”
81 Metropolitan Volodymyr. “V otnoshenii.”
82 Metropolitan Volodymyr. “Nam nuzhno.”
83 Ivanenko, “Nasha tserkov’.”
84 Metropolitan Volodymyr. “Tserkva zavzhdy.”
85 Metropolitan Volodymyr. “Kozhen maie.”
86 Holy Synod, “Vidpovid’ Sviashchennoho Synodu.”
87 Metropolitan Volodymyr, “Povernutysia.”
88 Metropolitan Volodymyr, “Blahodat’.”
89 Metropolitan Volodymyr, “Gde otsutstvuet.”
90 Metropolitan Volodymyr, “Sozidaniie.”
91 Ibid.
92 Metropolitan Volodymyr, “Tserkva zavzhdy.”
93 Metropolitan Volodymyr, “Tserkov’ dolzhna.”
94 Holy Synod. “Zvernennia Sviashchennoho Synodu.
95 Metropolitan Volodymyr, “Blahodat’.”
96 Metropolitan Volodymyr, “Pravoslavna Ukraina.”
97 Shestopalets, “The Ukrainian Orthodox Church”; Shestopalets, “Churches, Politics.”
98 For example, in one of his sermons from October 2010, Metropolitan of Odesa Ahafanhel (Savvin) expressed open support for Viktor Yanukovych as the true “Orthodox president” and called upon believers to vote for the presidential Party of Regions in the upcoming local elections (“Mitropolit Odesskii i Izmail’skii Agafangel o vyborakh,” YouTube, October 24, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zv80uVw3ac).
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Denys Shestopalets
Denys Shestopalets is a research fellow in the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. He received his PhD in Religious Studies from Monash University in 2019. From 2008 till 2016 he worked as a research fellow at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 2009–2010, he conducted research in the United States as part of a Fulbright fellowship.