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ABSTRACT
Pakistan is facing a robust wave of nationalism in the shape of the Pashtun Tahafuz (protection) movement. It is not the first time Pakistan is experiencing the outburst of a peripheral nationalist movement. Since the inception of Pakistan in 1947, it has been confronting the multiple challenges stemming out from the ethnic movements. Pakistan was fragmented in 1971 at the hands of the Bengali sub-nationalist movement. The separatist demands in Sindh and the secessionist demands in Baluchistan have been striking the polity. The Pashtun nationalism is emerging as a new daunting challenge in the aftermath of the war on terrorism in the contemporary political and social landscape of Pakistan. This study will make a multi-pronged analysis of the propensity of peripheral nationalist movements in Pakistan and will dissect the rise of the Pashtun Tahafuz movement and its possible implications for state and society in Pakistan.
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Notes
1. Quoted in, Malesevic, Identity as Ideology, 26.
2. Kedourie, “National Self-Determination,” 103.
3. Heywood, Political Theory, 89–90.
4. Connor, Ethnonationalism, 42.
5. Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity, 12.
6. Gellner, Nations and nationalism, 1.
7. Gellner, “Nationalism”, 753–776.
8. Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan, 11.
9. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 6.
10. Ibid., 46.
11. Hechter, Internal Colonialism.
12. Shah, The Foreign Policy of Pakistan, 141.
13. Amin, Ethno-National Movements of Pakistan, 1.
14. Siddiqui, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan, 44.
15. Amin, Ethno-Nationalist Movements of Pakistan, 238.
16. Khan, Politics of Identity, 84.
17. Siddiqui, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan, 112.
18. Khan, Politics of Identity, 85.
19. Shah, Ethnicity, Islam, and Nationalism.
20. Caroe, The Pathans, 437.
21. Shah, Ethnicity, Islam, and Nationalism, 15.
22. Ibid., xxxvi.
23. Khan, My Life and Struggle.
24. Khan, The Politics of Identity, 97.
25. Ibid., 96–97.
26. Ghufran, “Pashtun Ethno-nationalism,” 1098.
27. One unit system was a formula according to which all the provinces of West Pakistan were amalgamated into one unit called West Pakistan. It was imposed in 1955. It eliminated the provincial status of provinces. One unit was protested across the Pakistan, particularly by the minority provinces.
28. FATA stands for Federally Administered Tribal Areas. It comprises seven agencies, namely, Khyber, Khurram, Orakzai, Mohmand, Bajaur, North Waziristan and South Waziristan.
29. Hujra, a drawing room in Pashtun society used for multiple purposes like entertainment of guests, as a social setting for the discussion of socio-political issues and resolution of conflicts among the people.
30. Yaqubi, “Bayazid Ansari and Roushaniya Movement,” 150.
31. Banerje, “Unarmed Pathan,” 97.
32. Kakar, “Why PTM Matters.”
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Raja Qaiser Ahmed
Dr Raja Qaiser Ahmed is an Assistant Professor at School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.
Rafiullah Khan
Rafiullah Khan is a student of MPhil International Relation at Qauid-I-Azam University Islamabad. He has major in Political Science. His area of focus is the study of sub-nationalist movements in Pakistan.