Individual differences in human–machine trust: A multi-study look at the perfect automation schema

Abstract

The current article reports the results of three different studies which explored the relationship between the Perfect Automation Schema (PAS) and trust in a human–machine context. It was expected that PAS would be related to higher trust and higher performance expectations for automation. Studies 1 and 2 used a human-robot interaction simulator as the context for human-machine interaction and study 3 used an applied sample of F-16 pilots and their views of the Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System (Auto-GCAS) which is an advanced automated safety system. Results from all three studies demonstrated that the high expectations facet of PAS had a positive relationship with trust, but not the all-or-none facet. These results suggest that the PAS as measured by high expectations may be a fruitful construct for researchers in the domain of trust in automation.

Keywords:

• Perfect Automation Schema
• trust in automation
• individual differences
• human factors
• measurement

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Mark Pfahler, Emily Brown, and Montana Woolley of CSRA International for the help in the experimental set-up and data collection for studies 1 and 2. They thank Lauren Hoffmann, Garrett Sadler, and Nhut Ho of NVH Systems for their assistance in the Auto-GCAS survey data collection.

Additional information

Funding

The present research was supported by Air Force Research Laboratory contract FA8650-16-0-6616.