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Articles

Tehran’s subway: gender, mobility, and the adaptation of the ‘proper’ Muslim woman

Le métro de Téhéran: genre, mobilité et l’adaptation de la musulmane ‘correcte’

El metro de Teherán: género, movilidad y adaptación de la mujer musulmana ‘correcta’

Pages 304-322 | Received 31 Aug 2016, Accepted 09 Jun 2017, Published online: 06 Aug 2017
 

Abstract

Tehran’s subway, the most affordable means of public transportation in the city, offers a useful context to study the relationship between women’s spatial mobility, the construction of self, and social production of space. This study focuses on Line 1 of Tehran’s subway that connects Tehran’s Bala Shahr (Northern Tehran) and Paeen Shahr (Southern Tehran) neighborhoods. This study draws upon 46 semi-structured interviews with women who were using subway Line 1 in the fall and winter of 2012. The average hour-long interviews examine how women’s emotional states as well as their perceptions of self and space vary as they traverse the city on Line 1. Representing a cultural as well as a spatial transect through the city, the perceptions of women on subway’s Line 1 convey the repudiation of the state’s attempt to promote a singular Muslim female identity. The findings suggest that similar to women’s perception of space, their gendered identities are constantly changing through the enhanced mobility that is facilitated by Tehran’s subway system. In contrast to what is presumed in the West, with a simple change in their hijab style or make-up, Iranian women innovatively negotiate contrasting spaces.

RÉSUMÉ

Le métro de Téhéran, moyen de transport public le plus abordable de la ville, offre un contexte utile pour étudier les rapports entre la mobilité spatiale des femmes, la construction du moi et la production sociale de l’espace. Cette étude se concentre sur la ligne 1 du métro de Téhéran qui relie les quartiers de Bala Shahr de Téhéran (Nord de Téhéran) et Paeen Shahr (Sud de Téhéran). Cette recherche s’appuie sur 46 entretiens semi structurés avec des femmes qui utilisaient la ligne 1 du métro en automne et hiver 2012. Les entretiens d’une heure en moyenne examinent comment les états émotionnels des femmes ainsi que leurs perceptions du moi et de l’espace varient au fur et à mesure qu’elles traversent la ville sur la ligne 1. Représentant une coupe autant culturelle que spatiale à travers la ville, les perceptions des femmes dans le métro de la ligne 1 transmettent la répudiation de la tentative de l’Etat de promouvoir une seule identité féminine musulmane. Les résultats suggèrent qu’identiquement à la perception de l’espace des femmes, leurs identités sexuelles sont constamment en changement à travers la mobilité améliorée qui est facilitée par le système du métro de Téhéran. En contraste avec ce qui est présumé dans l’Ouest, avec un simple changement de style de leur hijab ou de leur maquillage, les Iraniennes négocient de façon innovatrice les espaces contrastés.

RESUMEN

El metro de Teherán, el medio más accesible de transporte público de la ciudad, ofrece un contexto útil para estudiar la relación entre la movilidad espacial de las mujeres, la construcción del yo y la producción social del espacio. Este estudio se centra en la línea 1 del metro de Teherán que conecta los barrios de Bala Shahr (Teherán septentrional) y Paeen Shahr (Teherán meridional) de Teherán. Este estudio se basa en 46 entrevistas semi-estructuradas con las mujeres que utilizaron la línea 1 en el otoño y el invierno de 2012. Las entrevistas de un promedio de una hora de duración examinan cómo los estados emocionales de las mujeres, así como sus percepciones del yo y del espacio, varían a medida que atraviesan la ciudad en la línea 1. Representando un transecto tanto cultural como espacial a través de la ciudad, las percepciones de las mujeres en la línea 1 transmiten el repudio al intento del estado de promover una identidad femenina musulmana única. Los resultados sugieren que, similar a la percepción de las mujeres sobre el espacio, sus identidades de género están cambiando constantemente a través de la movilidad mejorada que es facilitada por el sistema de metro de Teherán. En contraste con lo que se presume en Occidente, con un simple cambio en el estilo del hijab o el maquillaje, las mujeres iraníes negocian de manera innovadora espacios contrastantes.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Professors Miguel de Oliver and Richard Jones for their support, and Professor Gavin Brown, the journal’s editor, for his invaluable feedback, and the reviewers for their time, detailed comments, and encouragements.

Notes

1. While hijab (covering of women’s hair and body form) is mandatory in Iran since 1979, there is substantial variation in hijab styles. Among them, the Chador can be seen as the most conservative way of veiling for religiously observant women. It is basically a long, often dark shapeless garment that covers a woman from head to toe. Maghnae is a smaller form of chador that only covers head to shoulders. Maghnae is considered in between the chador and Rosari in terms of its perceived conservatism. Mantoo is a tunic dress varying in its length. For visual illustration of different hijab styles, see , in which the two women in the very left and right are wearing chador and the women in the middle are dressed less conservatively in Mantoo and Roosari.

2. From the Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Operation Co. https://metro.tehran.ir.

3. These data are based on the results of the telephone survey conducted by Hamshahri Newspaper in 2008 and 2009. https://hamshahrionline.ir/details/72006.

4. Women’s age is included in parenthesis following interview inserts.

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