https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8215-7399
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ABSTRACT
Objectives
The aim of the present study was to estimate risk factors for type 2 diabetes in women.
Methods
A case–control study included 99 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes and 198 controls. Descriptive statistics were used, and conditional univariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine differences between cases and controls.
Results
According to multivariate analysis-independent risk factors for T2DM were as follows: oral contraceptives (OR = 2.57; 95% CI = 0.99–6.62), and their longer duration of use (OR = 3.55; 95% CI = 1.79–6.99); greater quantity of coffee consumed (OR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.06–3.39), occupation (odds ratio – OR = 3.17; 95% confidence interval – CI = 1.57–6.41); never been pregnant (OR = 5.88; 95% CI = 2.23–15.49); family history of diabetes (OR = 18.52; 95% CI = 7.25–47.62); overweight and obesity (OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.39–4.53); stress (OR = 4.42; 95% CI = 2.19–8.26), and the greater number of stressful life event (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.22–2.23).
Conclusions
The present study emphasizes the role of oral contraceptive use, a greater quantity of coffee consumed, occupation, never been pregnant, overweight and obesity, major stressful life events, and family history of diabetes in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Keypoints
What is already known about this topic
(1) It is well known that lifestyle factors and genetics are involved in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications.
(2) Gender differences in T2DM are explained by differences in sex chromosomes, sex hormones, possible hormonal disbalance, lifestyle habits in nutrition, and physical activity.
(3) The global prevalence of diabetes will increase to 366 million by 2030, even if the prevalence of obesity remains constant.
(4) The vast majority of patients with diabetes have T2DM.
(5) Knowledge of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for T2DM is important for the prevention of this disease.
(6) Many factors have been investigated for their relation to T2DM, but data on the association between some of them and the risk for diabetes are not consistent.
What this paper adds
(1) Independent predictive factors for T2DM in women are oral contraceptive use and quantity of coffee consumption.
(2) Other independent predictive factors for T2DM include occupation, never been pregnant, overweight and obesity, major stressful life events, and family history of T2DM.
(3) A greater number of children was significantly negatively related to T2DM.
(4) In this study, oral contraceptive use and especially their use for 5 years and more were significantly positively associated with T2DM after adjustment for potential confounding factors.
(5) This study highlights, in particular, the need to target overweight and obese women who use oral contraceptives, have never been pregnant, and consume a greater quantity of coffee, with major stressful life events and a family history of diabetes. These groups are more vulnerable to T2DM; thus, prevention should focus on these groups.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Ethical approval
The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia. Participants were recruited at the Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Disorders. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Availability of data
Non-digital data available.