KMnO₄-oxidized whole pine needle based adsorbent for selective and efficient removal of cationic dyes

Abstract

In the present study, we report the chemical modification of the dried and fallen pine needles (PNs) via a simple protocol using KMnO₄ oxidation. The oxidized PNs (OPNs) were evaluated as adsorbents using some cationic and anionic dyes. The successful synthesis of OPNs adsorbent was characterized by various techniques to ascertain its structural attributes. The adsorbent showed selectivity for the cationic dyes with 96.11% removal (P_r) for malachite green (MG) and 89.68% P_r for methylene blue (MB) in 120 min. Kinetic models namely, pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and Elovich were applied to have insight into adsorption. Additionally, three adsorption isotherms, i.e., Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin were also applied. The dye adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with R² > 0.99912 for MG and R² > 0.9998 for MB. The adsorbent followed the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity (q_m) of 223.2 mg/g and 156.9 mg/g for MG and MB, respectively. Furthermore, the OPNs showed remarkable regeneration and recyclability up to nine adsorption-desorption cycles with appreciable adsorption for both the dyes. The use of OPNs as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes from wastewater, therefore, provides an ecologically benign, low-cost, and sustainable solution.

STATEMENT OF NOVELTY

We have carried out the chemical modification of the dried and fallen pine needles (PNs) via a simple protocol using KMnO₄ oxidation. The oxidized PNs (OPNs) were evaluated as adsorbents using some cationic and anionic dyes and the adsorbent showed selectivity for the cationic dyes. As far as the authors are aware, no such report has been documented in the literature wherein an adsorbent based on oxidized PNs with a simple protocol has been used for dye removal.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Dye
• KMnO₄
• Lignocellulosic biomass
• oxidation
• reusability
• wastewater treatment

Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge the financial assistance provided by the Department of Environment, Science & Technology, Paryavaran Bhawan, Shimla-171001 through H.P. Specific Research & Development Project 2021-22 No. Env.S&T (F)/5-1/2021-3017. The authors also acknowledge the facilities provided by the Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University to carry out this work.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Department of Environment, Science & Technology, Paryavaran Bhawan, Shimla-171001 [No. Env.S&T (F)/5-1/2021-3017].