Durability, Antimicrobial Activity and HPLC Analysis of Dyed Silk Fabrics Using Madder and Gall Oak

ABSTRACT

In this study, silk fabrics were dyed with madder (Rubia tinctorium L.) and gall oak (Quercus infectoria Olivier). One fabric was dyed only with madder and the other four fabrics were dyed with both plants by keeping madder percentage constant. After the dyeing procedure, silk fabrics dyed were characterized according to different of analysis involve antimicrobial activity testing, dyestuff analysis, and color measurement. Dyestuff analysis was performed by HPLC-DAD and color measurement was done using CIELAB spectrophotometer. Antimicrobial activity test was carried out against gram-positive and gram-negative using Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) as Gram-positive bacterium and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) as Gram-negative bacterium. Gall oak containing dyeings performed better in antimicrobial activity tests and selected silk fabric was subjected to durability test. It was laundered five times under same conditions and after each laundering procedure, a large piece of fabric in a certain size was cut for durability test. These silk fabrics retained nearly 100% activity up to five launderings against S.aureus and E.coli.

摘要

在本研究中，丝绸织物用Madder（Rubiatictrium L.）和Gall Oak（Quercusinfectorcia Olivier）染色.其中一种织物仅用Madder染色，另外四种织物用两种植物通过保持Madder百分比不变进行染色.染色后，对真丝织物进行了不同的分析，包括抗菌活性测试、染料分析和颜色测定.用HPLC-DAD进行染料分析，用CIELAB分光光度计进行颜色测定.以金黄色葡萄球菌（ATCC-6538）为革兰氏阳性菌，大肠杆菌（ATCC-25922）为革兰氏阴性菌，对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌进行了抗菌活性试验.含Gall Oak的染料在抗菌活性试验中表现较好，对所选真丝织物进行了耐久性试验.在相同的条件下洗涤5次，每次洗涤后，剪下一定尺寸的一大块织物进行耐久性试验.这些真丝织物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌保持了近100%的活性，高达5次.

KEYWORDS:

• Antimicrobial test
• durability
• madder
• gall oak
• HPLC-DAD

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Turkish Cultural Foundation (TCF) due to its basic laboratory infrastructure and support (www.turkishculturalfoundation.org; www.tcfdatu.org; www.armaggan.com). Moreover, we thank you to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyda Polat from Kocaeli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering for her critical review.

Correction Statement

This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Emine Torgan Güzel

Emine Torgan Güzel was born in Istanbul in 1983. She completed her bachelor's at the Department of Chemistry Teaching  in Marmara University.  The same year, she started her master degree at the Department of Analytical Chemistry in Institute of Science at Marmara University and completed it in 2008. She is currently doing her PhD in Department of Conservation of Cultural Properties in Institute of Fine Arts in Gazi University. At the same time, she is working in Cultural Heritage Preservation and Natural Dyes Laboratory of Turkish Cultural Foundation (TCF) as a Laboratory Manager for ten years. She has over 30 articles published in national and international journals. She also presented her working in more than 50 congresses and symposiums. Her academic interests are on archaeometry, cultural heritage, conservation, material characterization, historical and archaeological textile analyses, dye and pigment chemistry, natural dyes and dyeing, natural organic pigment production.

Recep Karadag

Dr. Recep Karadag was graduated from Department of Chemistry (1982-1986) of Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. He received his Master’s degree in Chemistry from the Institute of Sciences in 1990, and in 1994, completed the Doctoral program (PhD) in Analytic Chemistry at the Health Sciences Institute. He became an Associate Professor in the area of Textile Engineer in 2004, and in 2009, became a professor. He is presently a member of Faculty of Fine Arts of Istanbul Aydin University and serves as a consultant for the Turkish Cultural Foundation, Cultural Heritage Preservation and Natural Dyes Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey. He works in the areas of textile dyeing, conservation science, characterization analysis of dyes and cultural heritage objects, natural dyeing, analyses of dyestuffs, pigment and elemental analyses from textile, historical textile and archaeological art objects. He is the author of over hundred scientific publications. He is expert on the determination of textile, historical textile and archaeological art objects by using nondestructive and micro analysis techniques.

Rezan Alkan

Dr. Rezan ALKAN was graduated from Department of Biology  at Ankara University, Turkey in 1975. In 1978, she completed her master's degree at the Department of Microbiology at Ankara University. In 1984, she received her doctorate at the same university and department. Later, she worked as a microbiologist in a food company in Turkey for many years . Since 2005, she has been working as a lecturer at Kocaeli University. She has publications  in national and international journals.