Ciprofloxacin- and azithromycin-resistant bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant

Abstract

The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has become an occupational and environmental concern. WWTPs are engineered systems that treat wastewater to meet public health standards before release into the environment. The residuals, as either effluent or solids, are then discharged or beneficially recycled into the environment. Since these wastes contain a diverse array of microorganisms, some of which are resistant to commonly used antibiotics, there is a potential for these organisms to spread in the environment via residual recycling and effluent discharge. Human infections with ARB are increasing, and it is not well known how the interaction between humans and the environment plays a role in this process. WWTP workers, who are on the front lines, may come into direct contact with materials containing these microbes. This study aimed to determine the number of ARB present in both air and sewage sludges in a WWTP using nonselective media supplemented with two antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and azithromycin). The densities of total heterotrophic bacteria, ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria, and azithromycin-resistant bacteria were 7.82 × 10⁵ − 4.7 × 10⁹, 7.87 × 10³ − 1.05 × 10⁸, and 2.27 × 10⁵ − 1.16 × 10⁹ CFU/g, respectively. The prevalence [(concentration on medium with antibiotics/concentration on medium without antibiotics) × 100] of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria in treated sludge was twice as low as in digested sludge and approximately three times lower than in raw sludge. For azithromycin, the prevalence of resistant bacteria in treated sludge was about the same in digested and nearly twice lower than in raw sludge. Despite a marked reduction in the mean prevalence of resistant bacteria in dewatered treated sludge for both antibiotics, these differences were not significant. The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance was observed for azithromycin. Similarly, the prevalence of airborne azithromycin-resistant bacteria inside the belt filter press room (BFPR) was nearly seven times higher than the prevalence of airborne ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria. These concentrations of ARB were not negligible and may represent an exposure pathway for some workers in WWTPs.

Keywords:

• Antibiotic
• biosolids
• prevalence
• resistance
• sewage sludge

Acknowledgments

This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication.

Data availability statement

De-identified data will be available upon request and approval by the corresponding author.

Additional information

Funding

Mamadou Niang was supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health through the University of Cincinnati Education and Research Center, No. T42OH008432.