![Sample our Social Sciences journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/110822/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Social-Sciences.jpg"})
Abstract
In January 1946, President Truman sent George Marshall to China to unite the U.S.-favored Chinese Nationalist Party, headed by Chiang Kai-shek, and the Chinese Communist Party, headed by Mao Tse-tung, in order to achieve a ceasefire and prevent a civil war. Marshall gained initial success: both Chiang and Mao seemed favorable to the cease-fire agreement. Marshall's efforts to deal with the two power-corrupted leaders, however, proved futile since the two parties had different political agendas. Full-scale civil war broke out in the summer of 1946 and Marshall announced the failure of his mission in January 1947. This article indicates the aim of the mission was manifestly unattainable, mitigated his lack of success to a valiant attempt to achieve the impossible.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes on contributor
Jeffrey Widener Associate Professor, Director of Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma. Research interests include Historical and Cultural Geography, Cartography and Data Visualization, and Geospatial Technologies and Society. Email: [email protected]
Notes
1 All birth and death dates are from: Biography Reference Bank Database.
2 Michael Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century (New York Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), 112; Raymond Moley, “The Chinese Puzzle,” The Wall Street Journal, vol 19 (December 1945): 6; Larry I. Bland, editor, “Inobtrusive Manner, November 27, 1945–April 12, 1946,” in The Finest Soldier, January 1, 1945–January 7, 1947, vol. 5, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 485, http://www.marshallfoundation.org/vol5-Chap4.pdf (accessed 16 October 2006). [Hereafter cited as Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers]. All historical newspaper articles are courtesy of ProQuest database except Nippon Times (Tokyo) and The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.).
3 U.S. Department of State, United States Relations with China: With Special Reference to the Period 1944–1949, Far Eastern Series, no. 30, Pub. 3573, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1949), 83,130 [Hereafter cited as USRC. Stanford University Press published this book in 1967 as The China White Paper.]; Lyman P. Van Slyke, introduction to The Report, vol. 1, Marshall’s Mission to China December1945–January 1947: The Report and Appended Documents (Arlington, Virginia: University Publications of America, 1976), xv [This text hereafter cited as Marshall’s Mission 1. The introduction states the book is General Marshall’s viewpoint using mostly first person narrative. In his article (cited later), John F. Melby claimed that Phillip D. Sprouse, a China language officer in the U.S. Foreign Service, actually wrote the narrative, using Marshall’s files. Melby said Sprouse also wrote the section on Marshall’s mission in the USRC.]; E. Drumright to D. Acheson, memorandum, 16 November 1945, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers: The Far East China, 1945, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1969), 629. [Hereafter cited as FRUS 1945].
4 USRC, 83,130; Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xv; E. Drumright to D. Acheson, memorandum, 16 November 1945, FRUS 1945, 631.
5 USRC, 83–86; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 29 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 826; J. Shepley to G. Marshall, memorandum, 19 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 776; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 29 December 1945, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 405.
6 “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946: 3–5, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171888135-1,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006).
7 USRC, 136–40; Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xxiii; John F. Melby, “The Marshall Mission in Retrospect,” review of Marshall’s Mission to China December 1945-January 1947: The Report and Appended Documents, 2 vols., Pacific Affairs 50 (Summer 1977): 274. This article is courtesy of JStor database.
8 Melby, “The Marshall Mission in Retrospect” .
9 Melby, “The Marshall Mission in Retrospect.”
10 Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, 34; USRC, 11, 132; Gordon Walker, “China Frees Political Parties,” The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 1 (February 1946): 1.
11 Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, 35; Dean Acheson to the President, letter of transmittal, USRC, IV-V; Gordon Walker, “Epochal Pact to Unify Armies,” The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 1 (February 1946): 1.
12 Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, 36; USRC, 9.
13 Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, 38; Moley, “The Chinese Puzzle,”; Dean Acheson to the President, letter of transmittal, USRC, V.
14 Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, 39; USRC, 43–44.
15 Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, 38–39; USRC, 12, 44; Theodore Hsi-En Chen, “End of an Era in China,” Los Angeles Times, vol. 26 (February 1946): A4.
16 Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, 45; USRC, 44–45.
17 USRC, 45–49; Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xv.
18 “Manifesto of Unity by the Central Committee of the C.C.P.,” 22 September 1937, USRC, 523–24.
19 Chiang Kai-shek, statement, 23 September 1937, USRC, 524–25.
20 USRC, 52–58; Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xv.
21 Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, 93; Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xvi–xvii; Nathaniel Peffer, “We Have Yet to Win the Peace in the East,” The New York Times, 9 December 1945, 36.
22 USRC, 59, 73; Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xvii.
23 USRC, 74–86; “Animosity Denied in Connection with Recall of Stillwell,” The Christian Science Monitor, 16 December 1944, 3.
24 USRC, 130; E. Drumright to D. Acheson, memorandum, 16 November 1945, FRUS 1945, 631.
25 USRC, 105–07.
26 USRC, 107–08, 135–36.
27 P. Hurley to H. Truman, letter, 26 November 1945, USRC, 581; P. Hurley to H. Truman, letter, 26 November 1945, FRUS 1945, 722; The Ambassador to China (Hurley) to H. Truman, letter, 26 November 1945, Patrick Hurley Collection, box 98, folder 4, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 1; U.S. Congress, House, Miscellaneous, vol. 6, House Reports, 79th Cong., 1st sess., 1945, Rep. 1376, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1945), 5.
28 P. Hurley to H. Truman, letter, 26 November 1945, USRC, 581–84; P. Hurley to H. Truman, letter, 26 November 1945, FRUS 1945, 722; The Ambassador to China (Hurley) to H. Truman, letter, 26 November 1945, Patrick Hurley Collection, box 98, folder 4, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 1–4; U.S. Congress, House, Miscellaneous, vol. 6, House Reports, 79th Cong., 1st sess., 1945, Rep. 1376, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1945), 5–6; Bertram D. Hulen, “Action Is Surprise,” The New York Times, 28 November 1945, 1; Neal Stanford, “Truman Lauds Reconversion; China Probe?,” The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 29 (November 1945): 1.
29 USRC, 112; U. S. Department of State, press release, 7 December 1945, Patrick Hurley Collection, box 98, folder 5, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 1–4; U.S. Congress, House, Miscellaneous, vol. 6, House Reports, 79th Cong., 1st sess., 1945, Rep. 1376, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1945), 2–4; “Hurley-Burly,” Time, 17 December 1945, 2, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,776480,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006); “Policy in China,” The Christian Science Monitor, 13 December 1945, 22; “U.S. Policy in China,” The Times (London), 30 November 1945, 1.
30 Bertram D. Hulen, “Action Is Surprise,” The New York Times, 28 November 1945, 1; Neal Stanford, “Truman Lauds Reconversion; China Probe?,” The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 29 (November 1945): 16; “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 2, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171888135-1,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006); “Cherokee Yell,” The Washington Post, 11 December 1945, 6.
31 Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, 112; USRC, 132–33; Felix Belair Jr., “Truman to Issue China Plan Today,” The New York Times, 15 December 1945, 1, 3; Harry S. Truman, Statement, 18 December 1946, Public Papers of the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, January 1 to December 31, 1946 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1962), 499. [This reference hereafter cited as Truman Papers].
32 H. Truman to G. Marshall, letter, 15 December 1945, USRC, 605–06; H. Truman to G. Marshall, letter, n.d., FRUS 1945, 764–65; “Truman to Issue China Plan Today,” The New York Times, 15 December 1945, 3; H. Truman to G. Marshall, letter, 15 December 1945, The Appended Documents, vol. 2, Marshall’s Mission to China December1945–January 1947: The Report and Appended Documents (Arlington, Virginia: University Publications of America, 1976), 1–2. [Hereafter cited as Marshall’s Mission 2].
33 J. Byrnes, memorandum, 9 December 1945, USRC, 606–07; Secretary of State to War Department, memorandum, 9 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 760–61; Secretary of State to War Department, memorandum, 9 December 1945, Marshall’s Mission 2, 3–4.
34 H. Truman, statement, 15 December 1945, USRC, 607–09; U.S. Department of State, memorandum, 15 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 754–57; H. Truman, draft of statement, n.d., Marshall’s Mission 2, 9–11; Truman Papers, 499; Gordon Walker, “China Truce Appears Near; Marshall Weighs Arguments,” The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 7 (January 1946): 1,8.
35 U.S. Department of State, memorandum, 15 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 757; H. Truman, draft of statement, n.d., Marshall’s Mission 2, 8.
36 J. Shepley to G. Marshall, memorandum, 19 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 776; “Chinese Response to U.S.,” The Times (London), 18 December 1945, 1.
37 G. Marshall, memorandum of conversation, 11 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 767.
38 Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xx–xxi; G. Marshall, memorandum of conversation, 11 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 767–68.
39 Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xx–xxi; G. Marshall, memorandum of conversation, 11 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 767–68.
40 G. Marshall, memorandum of conversation, 11 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 768.
41 Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xxi; G. Marshall, memorandum of conversation, 14 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 770.
42 Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xxi; G. Marshall, memorandum of conversation, 14 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 770.
43 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 29 December 1945, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 405; J. Shepley to H. Truman, memorandum, 28 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 481; Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xix; Marshall’s Mission 1, 7–8; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 29 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 825–6; G. Marshall, notes of conversation, 23 December 1945, FRUS 1945, 800; “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 2, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171888135-1,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006); “More Troops for China,” The Times (London), 31 December 1945, 1; Gordon Walker, “China Truce Appears Near; Marshall Weighs Arguments,” The Christian Science Monitor, 7 January 1946, 1; Tillman Durdin, “China Rivals Agree to Meet Marshall in Formal Parleys,” The New York Times, 6 January 1946, 1–2; “Marshall Arrives to Unify Chinese,” Los Angeles Times, 21 December 1945, 6; “Marshall to Meet Opposing Chinese at Session Today,” The New York Times, 7 January 1946, 1,4.
44 G. Marshall and Chou En-Lai, meeting notes, 3 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 409; “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 3, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171888135-1,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006); Gordon Walker, “China Truce Appears Near; Marshall Weighs Arguments,” The Christian Science Monitor, 7 January 1946, 1; USRC, 136; Tillman Durdin, “China Rivals Agree to Meet Marshall in Formal Parleys,” The New York Times, 6 January 1946, 1; “Marshall to Meet Opposing Chinese at Session Today,” The New York Times, 7 January 1946, 1; “Marshall Sees Early Peace in China,” The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 7 (January 1946): 9; Harold K. Milks, “China’s ‘No. 2 Man,’ General Chang, Seen As Likely Choice As Nation’s New Premier,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 22 February 1946, 2; “Reds Granted Equality As Chinese War Closes,” Los Angeles Times, 11 January 1946, 4.
45 “Marshall Sees Early Peace in China,” The Christian Science Monitor, 7 January 1946, 9; “China Strife Solution Hard, Says Marshall,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 11 January 1946, 1.
46 Press release, 10 January 1946, USRC, 609–10; Marshall’s Mission 1, 11–12; Truman Papers, 500; “Reds Granted Equality As Chinese War Closes,” Los Angeles Times, 11 January 1946, 1; “Cease-Fire Order Given in China; Government-Red Truce after Delay,” The New York Times, 10 January 1946, 1; “Cease Fire in China,” The Times (London), 11 January 1946, 5; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 10 January 1946, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: The Far East China, 1946 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972), vol. 9, 132 [Hereafter cited as FRUS 1946]; “Truce in China Gives Freedom Politically to All Parties,” The Christian Science Monitor, 11 January 1946, 6; “Progress Reported by Marshall after Parley on China Truce,” The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 7 January 1946, 1, A-5; “All Political Parties Legalized by Chiang As Truce Is Ordered,” The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 10 January 1946, A-1, A-8.
47 Meeting notes, 9 January 1946 and 10 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 415; J. Shepley to H. Truman, memorandum, 28 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 483; “Truce in China Gives Freedom Politically to All Parties,” The Christian Science Monitor, 11 January 1946, 6; “All Political Parties Legalized by Chiang As Truce Is Ordered,” The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 10 January 1946, A-1, A-8.
48 I decided, as a matter of style, to refer to the city as Beijing although the documents of the day used Peiping.
49 USRC, 136–37; “Agreement on Establishment of the Executive Headquarters,” 10 January 1946, USRC, 627–28; “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 5, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171888135-1,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006), 5; Truman Papers, 500–01; “Reds Granted Equality As Chinese War Closes,” Los Angeles Times, 11 January 1946, 1; Bertram Hulen, “U.S.-Armed Chinese on Way to Manchuria, Envoy Reveals,” The New York Times, 17 March 1946, 27.
50 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 1 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 407.
51 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 10 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 416–17; “Agreement on Establishment of the Executive Headquarters,” 10 January 1946, USRC, 628; Marshall’s Mission 1, 20–21, 70; Truman Papers, 500–01; “The Executive Headquarters,” 10 January 1946, Marshall’s Mission 2, 126–27; “Truce in China Gives Freedom Politically to All Parties,” The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 11 (January 1946): 6.
52 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 10 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 417; G. Marshall, press conference statement, 16 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 505; “Agreement on Establishment of the Executive Headquarters,” USRC, 628; Marshall’s Mission 1, 20–21, 70, 73; Truman Papers, 501; “The Executive Headquarters,” Marshall’s Mission 2, 127–28.
53 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 1 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 408; G. Marshall to D. Eisenhower, telegram, 13 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 418–19; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 19 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 459; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 491–92; Marshall’s Mission 1, 77–78; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 March 1946, FRUS 1946, 510.
54 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 16 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 423–24; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 23 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 427; G. Marshall to H. Truman, memorandum, 13 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 502.
55 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 23 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 427.
56 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 10 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 417; Marshall’s Mission 1, 73; “Marshall and Chiang Confer: Truce Violations Main Topic?,” The Christian Science Monitor, 22 January 1946, 6; “Unifying China,” The Times (London), 29 January 1946, 5; “Chiang Kai-shek,” The New York Times, 7 February 1946, 2; “Progress in China,” The New York Times, 17 January 1946, 19; Tillman Durdin, “More Talk Needed in China’s Impasse,” The New York Times, 24 January 1946, 2.
57 Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 485; “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 5, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171888135-1,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006); G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 March 1946, FRUS 1946, 510.
58 Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 485; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 490; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 March 1946, FRUS 1946, 510.
59 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 491; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 March 1946, FRUS 1946, 510.
60 Truman Papers, 501.
61 USRC, 138; Marshall’s Mission 1, 23; Gordon Walker, “China Frees Political Parties,” The Christian Science Monitor, 1 February 1946, 1; Truman Papers, 501; “Cockpit of Asia,” The Washington Post, 22 February 1946, 6.
62 USRC, 138–39.
63 “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 4, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171888135-1,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006); Gordon Walker, “China Frees Political Parties,” The Christian Science Monitor, 1 February 1946, 6; Gordon Walker, “China Digs into Democracy at Political Council Table,” The Christian Science Monitor, 15 January 1946, 1.
64 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 23 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 429; USRC, 139; G. Marshall, charter, n.d., FRUS 1946, 139–141; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 23 January 1946, FRUS 1946, 143.
65 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 23 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 428–29; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 23 January 1946, FRUS 1946, 142–43.
66 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 23 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 429; J. Shepley to H. Truman, memorandum, 28 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 483; USRC, 139; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 23 January 1946, FRUS 1946, 142.
67 USRC, 139; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 23 January 1946, FRUS 1946, 143.
68 USRC, 139; “Resolution on Government Organization Adopted by the Political Consultative Conference,” January 1946, USRC, 610–621; Marshall’s Mission 1, 23–29; Truman Papers, 501; “Program for Peaceful National Reconstruction,” n.d., Marshall’s Mission 2, 138–56; “Cease Fire in China,” The Times (London), 11 January 1946, 5; “Unifying China,” The Times (London), 29 January 1946, 5; Gordon Walker, “China Digs into Democracy at Political Council Table,” The Christian Science Monitor, 15 January 1946, 17.
69 USRC, 140; “Resolution on Government Organization Adopted by the Political Consultative Conference,” January 1946, USRC, 618–19; “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 3, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,91718881351,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006).
70 USRC, 140; “Resolution on Government Organization Adopted by the Political Consultative Conference,” January 1946, USRC, 618–19; Marshall’s Mission 1, 37; “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 3, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,91718881351,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006); “Program for Peaceful National Reconstruction,” n.d., Marshall’s Mission 2, 149–50; Harold K. Milks, “China’s ‘No. 2 Man,’ General Chang, Seen As Likely Choice As Nation’s New Premier,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 22 February 1946, 2; Tillman Durdin, “More Talk Needed in China’s Impasse,” The New York Times, 24 January 1946, 2.
71 J. Shepley to H. Truman, memorandum, 28 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 483; Press release, 25 February 1946, USRC, 622–25; Marshall’s Mission 1, 37–38; “Basis for Military Reorganization and for the Integration of the Communist Forces into the National Army,” 25 February 1946, Marshall’s Mission 2, 198–201; Press release, 25 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 295–98.
72 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 19 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 459; USRC, 141; Press release, 25 February 1946, USRC, 625; Marshall’s Mission 1, 38; “Basis for Military Reorganization and for the Integration of the Communist Forces into the National Army,” 25 February 1946, Marshall’s Mission 2, 203; Press release, 25 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 299; Committee of Three and commissioners and officers of Executive Headquarters, remarks by G. Marshall at meeting, 28 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 463–64; Tillman Durdin, “Prospect of Unity in China Improves,” 22 March 1946, The New York Times, 9.
73 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 10 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 417; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 16 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 424; J. Shepley to H. Truman, memorandum, 28 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 484; Gordon Walker, “Epochal Pact to Unify Armies,” The Christian Science Monitor, 1 February 1946, 1; Theo Hsi-En Chen, “End of an Era in China,” Los Angeles Times, 26 February 1946, A4; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 9 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 427–28.
74 G. Marshall and Chen Cheng, minutes of conference, 7 May 1946, FRUS 1946, 340.
75 “Toward One China,” The Christian Science Monitor, 29 January 1946, 18.
76 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 19 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 458; G. Marshall, press conference statement, 16 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 505; USRC, 142; Marshall’s Mission 1, 40; Gordon Walker, “Epochal Pact to Unify Armies,” The Christian Science Monitor, 1 February 1946, 6; “Toward One China,” The Christian Science Monitor, 29 January 1946, 18; “Manchu Rift Perils China Truce,” The Christian Science Monitor, 8 March 1946, 6.
77 Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 419n2; G. Marshall to H. Truman, 19 January 1946, telegram, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 459; Military subcommittee, minutes of meeting, 27 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 480; Marshall’s Mission 1, 48; Memorandum prepared by the staff of A. Wedemeyer, 13 January 1946, FRUS 1946, 179, 184; Military subcommittee, minutes of meeting, 27 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 321.
78 Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 419-20n2; USRC, 141; Marshall’s Mission 1, 38; Gordon Walker, “Epochal Pact to Unify Armies,” The Christian Science Monitor, 1 February 1946, 6; Memorandum prepared by the staff of A. Wedemeyer, 13 January 1946, FRUS 1946, 181.
79 Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 419-20n2; USRC, 141; Marshall’s Mission 1, 38; Gordon Walker, “Epochal Pact to Unify Armies,” The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 1 (February 1946): 6; Memorandum prepared by the staff of A. Wedemeyer, 13 January 1946, FRUS 1946, 183.
80 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 19 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 460; Gordon Walker, “Epochal Pact to Unify Armies,” The Christian Science Monitor, 1 February 1946, 6; G. Marshall and Chen Cheng, minutes of meeting, 7 May 1946, Larry I. Bland, editor, “In the Middle, April 13–August 31, 1946,” in The Finest Soldier, January 1, 1945–January 7, 1947, vol. 5, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 544, http://www.marshallfoundation.org/vol5-Chap5.pdf (accessed 16 October 2006). [Hereafter cited as Bland, “In the Middle,” Marshall Papers]; G. Marshall and Chen Cheng, minutes of conference, 7 May 1946, FRUS 1946, 339.
81 Marshall’s Mission 1, 44; Military subcommittee, minutes of meeting, 25 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 316.
82 G. Marshall and Chen Cheng, minutes of conference, 7 May 1946, FRUS 1946, 339; G. Marshall and Chen Cheng, minutes of meeting, 7 May 1946, Bland, “In the Middle,” Marshall Papers, 544.
83 G. Marshall and Chen Cheng, minutes of conference, 7 May 1946, FRUS 1946, 340.
84 “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 3, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171888135-1,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006);G. Marshall to War Department, telegram, 7 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 493; Marshall’s Mission 1, 45,47.
85 Marshall’s Mission 1, 80; Gordon Walker, “Epochal Pact to Unify Armies,” The Christian Science Monitor, 1 February 1946, 6.
86 Truman Papers, 501; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 26 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 445.
87 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 26 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 445.
88 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 10 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 417; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 16 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 424; Gordon Walker, “Epochal Pact to Unify Armies,” The Christian Science Monitor, 1 February 1946, 1; Theo Hsi-En Chen, “End of an Era in China,” Los Angeles Times, 26 February 1946, A4; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 9 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 427–28.
89 G. Marshall and Chang Chun, minutes of meeting, 24 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 430; G. Marshall and Chang Chun, minutes of meeting, 24 January 1946, FRUS 1946, 198.
90 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 19 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 459; R. Smyth to J. Byrnes, telegram, 7 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 153; J. Shepley to G. Marshall, telegram, 28 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 447.
91 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 23 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 429; G. Marshall to H. Truman, 9 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 447–49; J. Shepley to H. Truman, memorandum, 28 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 482; USRC, 147; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 9 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 426–27.
92 J. Shepley to H. Truman, memorandum, 28 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 481–82; G. Marshall, memorandum of conversation, 10 March 1946, FRUS 1946, 528–29.
93 Chou En-lai to G. Marshall, prepared statement, 10 March 1946, FRUS 1946, 529.
94 J. Shepley to H. Truman, memorandum, 28 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 480–85.
95 J. Shepley to H. Truman, memorandum, 28 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 480–85.
96 J. Shepley to H. Truman, memorandum, 28 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 484.
97 H. Truman to G. Marshall, telegram, 27 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 446; J. Shepley to G. Marshall, telegram, 7 March 1946, FRUS 1946, 511.
98 Marshall’s Mission 1, 56; USRC, 145; “General Marshall Leaves China on Way to Report to Truman,” The Washington Post, 12 March 1946, 8.
99 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 490; G. Marshall, press conference statement, 16 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 504–05; USRC, 145; Marshall’s Mission 1, 23, 56; “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 1, 5–6, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171888135-1,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006); Truman Papers, 501; Bertram Hulen, “U.S.-Armed Chinese on Way to Manchuria, Envoy Reveals,” The New York Times, 17 March 1946, 27; “Marshall Views Manchuria As Political No Man’s Land,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 19 March 1946, 1.
100 G. Marshall to War Department, telegram, 7 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 491; G. Marshall to W. Robertson and H. Byroade, telegram, 10 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 499; Marshall’s Mission 1, 56; “General Marshall Leaves China on Way to Report to Truman,” The Washington Post, 12 March 1946, 8; “Chungking Leans to Compromising,” The New York Times, 14 April 1946, 1; “General Marshall Here En Route to States,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 12 March 1946, 1; “Hope for Manchuria,” The Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, 12 March 1946, 10.
101 Melby, “The Marshall Mission in Retrospect.”
102 G. Marshall and Chang Chun, minutes of meeting, 24 January 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 430; USRC, 146; G. Marshall to Chang Chun and Chou En-lai, memorandum, 24 January 1946, USRC, 639; Marshall’s Mission 1, 50–52; E. Drumright to D. Acheson, memorandum, 16 November 1945, FRUS 1945, 631–33; G. Marshall to Chang Chun and Chou En-lai, memorandum, 24 January 1946, Marshall’s Mission 2, 318; “Marshall Sees Early Peace in China,” The Christian Science Monitor, 7 January 1946, 9; G. Marshall to Chang Chun, memorandum, 24 January 1946, FRUS 1946, 375–76; “Hope for Manchuria,” The Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, 12 March 1946, 10.
103 G. Marshall to H. Truman, memorandum, 13 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 503; G. Marshall, press conference statement, 16 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 506; USRC, 146; Marshall’s Mission 1, 78–79; Theodore Hsi-En Chen, “End of an Era in China,” Los Angeles Times, 26 February 1946, A4; Bertram Hulen, “U.S.-Armed Chinese on Way to Manchuria, Envoy Reveals,” The New York Times, 17 March 1946, 27; “Marshall Views Manchuria As Political No Man’s Land,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 19 March 1946, 1; “China Peace Talks Enter Fourth Day,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 16 January 1946, 1.
104 USRC, 146; Marshall’s Mission 1, 51.
105 USRC, 146; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 26 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 445.
106 Marshall’s Mission 1, 53; G. Marshall and Mao Tse-tung, minutes of meeting, 4 March 1946, FRUS 1946, 502.
107 G. Marshall, draft of instructions for Executive Headquarters, 9 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 497; Military subcommittee, minutes of meeting, 11 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 501; G. Marshall to H. Truman, memorandum, 13 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 503; G. Marshall, press conference statement, 16 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 505; Marshall’s Mission 1, 53; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 May 1946, Bland, “In the Middle,” Marshall Papers, 542; “General Marshall Leaves China on Way to Report to Truman,” The Washington Post, 12 March 1946, 8; “Hope for Manchuria,” The Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, 12 March 1946, 10.
108 G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 9 February 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 448; Marshall’s Mission 1, 51; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 9 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 428; Gordon Walker, “Manchu Rift Perils China Truce,” The Christian Science Monitor, 8 March 1946, 6; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 May 1946, Bland, “In the Middle,” Marshall Papers, 542; “Chiang-Red Forces Clash in Manchuria; Soviets Add Worry,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 18 February 1946, 1.
109 The Chargé in the Soviet Union to the Secretary of State, telegram, 28 February 1946, FRUS 1946, 447; “Soviets Complete Troop Withdrawal from Mukden City,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 11 March 1946, 1; “Marshall Is Recalled Home by President,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 11 March 1946, 1.
110 Gordon Walker, “Manchu Rift Perils China Truce,” The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 8 (March 1946): 6; Spencer Davis, “Red-Controlled Manchuria Conditions Told,” Los Angeles Times, 8 March 1946, 1.
111 G. Marshall to W. Robertson and H. Byroade, telegram, 10 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 499.
112 G. Marshall to W. Robertson and H. Byroade, telegram, 10 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 499.
113 Marshall’s Mission 1, 57–60; “Chinese Newspapers Report on Clashes,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 17 March 1946, 2.
114 G. Marshall to A. Gillem, telegram, 21 March 1946, Bland, “Inobtrusive Manner,” Marshall Papers, 510; G. Marshall to A. Gillem, telegram, 21 March 1946, FRUS 1946, 590–91.
115 The Committee of Three to Executive Headquarters, statement, 27 March 1946, USRC, 640; Marshall’s Mission 1, 60, 62–63, 79, 98; “Marshall’s Mission,” Time, 25 March 1946, 5, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171888135-1,00.html (accessed 16 September 2006); The Committee of Three to the Executive Headquarters, instructions, 27 March 1946, Marshall Mission 2, 319–20; The Committee of Three to the Executive Headquarters, statement, 27 March 1946, FRUS 1946, 603; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 May 1946, Bland, “In the Middle,” Marshall Papers, 542.
116 Truman Papers, 502; “Marshall Views Manchuria As Political No Man’s Land,” Nippon Times (Tokyo), 19 March 1946, 1; Tillman Durdin, “Clashes in Manchuria Menace Chinese Peace,” The New York Times, 14 April 1946, 78; Tillman Durdin, “China Reds Again Hit at U.S.; Charge Strafing by Airmen,” The New York Times, 22 April 1946, 7.
117 W. Robertson to G. Marshall, telegram, 6 April 1946, FRUS 1946, 735–36.
118 “Chungking Leans to Compromising Manchurian Case,” 14 April 1946, The New York Times, 1, 29.
119 USRC, 149; Marshall’s Mission 1, 99; Truman Papers, 502; “Communist Gains in Manchuria,” The Times (London), 22 April 1946, 3.
120 Dean Acheson to the President, letter of transmittal, USRC, XII; USRC, 134; Marshall’s Mission 1, 101; Press release, 20 May 1946, Marshall’s Mission 2, 346; Press release, 20 May 1946, FRUS 1946, 865; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 6 May 1946, Bland, “In the Middle,” Marshall Papers, 542; Press release, 20 May 1946, Bland, “In the Middle,” Marshall Papers, 561; “Communist Gains in Manchuria,” The Times (London), 22 April 1946, 3; “General Marshall in Chungking,” The Times (London), 23 April 1946, 3; Tillman Durdin, “Split in China Widened by Gains of Communists,” The New York Times, 28 April 1946, E6.
121 Marshall’s Mission 1, 97; Tillman Durdin, “China Reds Again Hit at U.S.; Charge Strafing by Airmen,” The New York Times, 22 April 1946, 1, 7; “General Marshall in Chungking,” The Times (London), 23 April 1946, 3.
122 Tillman Durdin, “China Reds Again Hit at U.S.; Charge Strafing by Airmen,” The New York Times, 22 April 1946, 7.
123 USRC, 155; Marshall’s Mission 1, 120.
124 USRC, 158–59, 162; The Committee of Three to the Three Commissioners of Executive Headquarters, statement, 26 June 1946, 644–45; Marshall’s Mission 1, 132, 145; “Directive for the Termination of Hostilities in Manchuria,” n.d., Marshall’s Mission 2, 353–54.
125 USRC, 171; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 13 June 1946, Bland, “In the Middle,” Marshall Papers, 590; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 29 June 1946, Bland, “In the Middle,” Marshall Papers, 613; G. Marshall to H. Truman, telegram, 30 July 1946, Bland, “In the Middle,” Marshall Papers, 637–38.
126 “Hope for Manchuria,” The Hartford (Connecticut) Courant, 12 March 1946, 10; Gordon Walker, “Manchu Rift Perils China Truce,” The Christian Science Monitor, 8 March 1946, 1.
127 Henry Lieberman, “China Reds Spurn Chang’s Proposal,” The New York Times, 15 August 1946, 13; Benjamin Welles, “China Said to Lose Robertson’s Help,” The New York Times, 27 September 1946, 15.
128 Chiang Kai-shek, address, 15 November 1946, USRC, 680–81; Marshall’s Mission 1, 373; President Chiang, opening address, 15 November 1946, Marshall’s Mission 2, 453–55.
129 Chiang Kai-shek, address, 15 November 1946, USRC, 681; President Chiang, opening address, 15 November 1946, Marshall’s Mission 2, 454.
130 Chiang Kai-shek, address, 15 November 1946, USRC, 681, 683; President Chiang, opening address, 15 November 1946, Marshall’s Mission 2, 454, 457.
131 Chiang Kai-shek, address, 15 November 1946, USRC, 683–84; President Chiang, opening address, 15 November 1946, Marshall’s Mission 2, 458–59.
132 Chiang Kai-shek, address, 15 November 1946, USRC, 685; President Chiang, opening address, 15 November 1946, Marshall’s Mission 2, 461.
133 Melby, “The Marshall Mission in Retrospect.”
134 USRC, 145; Dean Acheson to the President, letter of transmittal, USRC, XII.
135 Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century, 3.
136 G. Marshall, personal statement, 7 January 1947, USRC, 686–89; Marshall’s Mission 1, 431–33; G. Marshall, personal statement, 7 January 1947, Marshall’s Mission 2, 516–21.
137 Dean Acheson to the President, letter of transmittal, USRC, XIII; Marshall’s Mission 1, 433–34.
138 Dean Acheson to the President, letter of transmittal, USRC, XVI; Van Slyke, introduction to Marshall’s Mission 1, xxv; Melby, “The Marshall Mission in Retrospect,” 273; “Report on China,” The New York Times, 19 December 1946, 28; Norman Palmer, “Marshall’s China Mission,” Current History, vol. 21 (September 1951): 147. This article is courtesy of JStor database.
![Supercharge Your Next Research Paper: Research and write your next paper with Jenni AI.]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/112447/MPU-L1HU.png"})