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Abstract
This article aims to discuss how Chinese People's Volunteer Army responded to the attack from the United Nation Force's tank divisions under unfavorable military condition during the Korean War. This research utilizes an array of primary materials produced by Chinese Communist military authorities and the U.S. Army. Although the Chinese had had relevant knowledge and experience in anti-tank warfare, these were outdated and inefficient to deal with those cutting-edge tanks used by UN forces. The quantity of Chinese tanks was far from enough. Even worse, Chinese army was not equipped with sufficient anti-tank guns. This forced them to seek for a new anti-tank system. Eventually, the Chinese invented a unique anti-tank warfare which fitted into the military context they had, and demonstrated their outstanding performance of military adaptation in the battles against UN tank divisions in the Korea War.
Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Shandong Corps General Staff Office, “Fan tanke yanjiu [Anti-tank Studies],”Huadong qianxian [East China Frontline] (unknown publisher, 1948), p.45. Northeast Democratic Alliance Army General Political Department, Da tanke [Beat the tank] (unknown publisher 1947), p. 20.
2 Xu Yan, Di yi ci jiaoliang: Kang mei yuanchao zhanzheng de lishi huigu yu fansi [First Contact: Historical Review and Reflection on the Korean War] (Beijing: China Radio and Television Press, 1990). p. 220.
3 Xu yan, Di yi ci jiaoliang: Kang mei yuanchao zhanzheng de lishi huigu yu fansi, p. 220.
4 Department of the Army, Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army (Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1952), p. 94.
5 Xu, Di yi ci jiaoliang: Kang mei yuanchao zhanzheng de lishi huigu yu fansi, p. 224.
6 Xu, Di yi ci jiaoliang: Kang mei yuanchao zhanzheng de lishi huigu yu fansi, p. 221.
7 Glantz, David, Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War (Lawrence: Kansas University Press, 1998), p. 152.
8 Xu, Di yi ci jiaoliang: Kang mei yuanchao zhanzheng de lishi huigu yu fansi, p. 223.
9 Yiming Zhang and Shiyin Yin, T-34 quanfangwei jilu:T-34 tanke de baike quanshu[The Encyclopedia of the T-34 Tank] (Nanjing: Jiangsu Phoenix Literature and Art Publishing Ltd., 2019), p. 232.
10 Zhang and Yin, T-34 quanfangwei jilu, p. 249.
11 Zhang and Yin, T-34 quanfangwei jilu, p. 250.
12 18th Detachment Command, “Fangyu zhong zenyang da tanke [How to Fight Tanks on Defense]”, Changjiang, February 25, 1951, Sec. 3.
13 18th Detachment Command, “Fangyu zhong zenyang da tanke”, Sec. 3.
14 Balhae Political Department, Ruhe da tanke? [How to fight with tanks], Wei guo qianxian [Frontline Defense] Vol. 16 (10.04.1951), p. 5–6.
15 18th Detachment Command, “Fangyu zhong zenyang da tanke”, Sec. 3.
16 18th Detachment Command, “Fangyu zhong zenyang da tanke”, Sec. 3.
17 18th Detachment Command, “Fangyu zhong zenyang da tanke”, Sec. 3.
18 “Zenyang da tanke [How to fight with tanks]?” Zhiyuanjun, Feburary 5, 1951, in Hangug jeonjaeng-gi jung-gong-gun munseo, 1949–1953 [PLA Documents During the Korean War] (Seoul: Institute of Asian Culture Studies Hallym University, 2000), vol. 3, p.490.
19 18th Detachment Command, “Fangyu zhong zenyang da tanke”, Sec. 3.
20 18th Detachment Command, “Fangyu zhong zenyang da tanke”, Sec. 3.
21 18th Detachment Command, “Fangyu zhong zenyang da tanke”, Sec. 3.
22 Balhae Political Department, Ruhe da tanke? Vol. 16 (10.04.1951), pp. 5–6.
23 Department of the Army, Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army, p.92.
24 Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery (Washington DC: Overmatch Press, 2001). pp. 59, 63. Chamberlain, Ellis, British and American Tanks of World War II: The Complete Illustrated History of British, American and Commonwealth Tanks 1939–1945, pp. 53, 103, 117, 160.
25 Deng Hua, “Dui mei wei jun zuozhan jingyan chubu yanjiu[A Preliminary Study on the Combat Experience of the US Army and its Allies],” in PLA Military Academy, Kangmeiyuanchao zhan shi xuexi cankao ziliao[Reference Material for Teaching the History of Korean War]”(internal reference only, 1988), p.6.
26 Deng Hua, “Dui mei wei jun zuozhan jingyan chubu yanjiu,”, Kangmeiyuanchao zhan shi xuexi cankao ziliao, p.5.
27 180th Division Bulletin, “Da tanke jingyan jieshao [Experience on Anti-Tank Combat],” May 11, 1951, in Hangug jeonjaeng-gi jung-gong-gun munseo, 1949–1953 [PLA Documents During the Korean War] (Seoul:Institute of Asian Culture Studies Hallym University, 2000), vol.3, pp.136-137.
28 180th Division Bulletin, “Da tanke jingyan jieshao,” pp.136–37.
29 Department of the Army, Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army, p. 49.
30 “Zenyang da tanke, Hangug jeonjaeng-gi jung-gong-gun munseo, 1949-1953, p.490.
31 180th Division Bulletin, “Da tanke jingyan jieshao,” pp.136–37.
32 Deng Hua, “Dui mei wei jun zuozhan jingyan chubu yanjiu,”, Kangmeiyuanchao zhan shi xuexi cankao ziliao, p.11.
33 “Zenyang da tanke, Hangug jeonjaeng-gi jung-gong-gun munseo, 1949-1953, p.490.
34 18th Detachment Command, “Fangyu zhong zenyang da tanke”, Changjiang, February 25, 1951, Sec. 3.
35 “Zenyang da tanke, Hangug jeonjaeng-gi jung-gong-gun munseo, 1949-1953, p.490.
36 Balhae Political Department, Ruhe da tanke? Wei guo qianxian, Vol. 16 (10.04.1951), pp. 5–6.
37 “Zenyang da tanke, Hangug jeonjaeng-gi jung-gong-gun munseo, 1949-1953, p.490.
38 Department of the Army, Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army, p. 45.
39 18th Detachment Command, “Fangyu zhong zenyang da tanke”, Sec. 3.
40 Balhae Political Department, Ruhe da tanke? pp. 5–6.
41 “Zenyang da tanke, Hangug jeonjaeng-gi jung-gong-gun munseo, 1949-1953, p.490.
42 Deng Hua, “Dui mei wei jun zuozhan jingyan chubu yanjiu,” Kangmeiyuanchao zhan shi xuexi cankao ziliao, p.11.
43 Deng Hua, “Dui mei wei jun zuozhan jingyan chubu yanjiu,” Kangmeiyuanchao zhan shi xuexi cankao ziliao, p.11.
44 Department of the Army, Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army, p. 48.
45 Department of the Army, Handbook on the Chinese Communist Army, p. 48.
46 Yiming Zhang and Shiyin Yin, T-34 quanfangwei jilu:T-34 tanke de baike quanshu, p. 232.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Yi-Nou Chang
Yi-Nou Chang is a PhD candidate of Department of History, National Cheng Chi University, Taiwan, also as PhD Research Fellow at the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica (August 2022 to July 2023). He is particularly interested in history of modern China and global military history. His PhD thesis explores how Chinese People’ Voluntary Army contest effectively against UN army leading by the United States throughout the Korean War.