Trends in concomitant and single opioid and benzodiazepine exposures reported to the California Poison Control System following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention release of opioid guidelines in 2016

Abstract

Introduction

In March 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released the Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain, intended for primary care clinicians. One recommendation advised against concurrent prescription of opioids and benzodiazepines. Although existing research suggests a reduction in co-prescribing of these drug classes by clinicians after guideline release, there are limited data assessing its possible effect on patient medical outcomes, such as overdoses.

Methods

This retrospective observational study analyzed opioid and benzodiazepine exposures, alone or in combination, reported to the California Poison Control System from January 2012 to June 2021. Interrupted time series analyses identified the difference in monthly call volume between pre- and post-guideline release. For exposures resulting in serious medical outcomes, additional analyses assessed trends and identified associated variables.

Results

There was no significant change in concomitant opioid and benzodiazepine exposures reported to California Poison Control System between pre- and post-guideline release. Compared to pre-guideline release, exposures to a single opioid or to a single benzodiazepine significantly decreased by 1.07 (95% CI: −1.62, −0.51) and 1.82 (95% CI: −2.33, −1.31) calls per month, respectively, after the guideline release. For exposure calls associated with serious medical outcomes, there was a significant increase of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.18) and 0.2 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.34) calls per month for concomitant opioid and benzodiazepine and single opioid exposures, respectively, following guideline release.

Discussion

The guideline release appeared to have a variable association with exposures to single opioid, single benzodiazepines, and concomitant opioid and benzodiazepine cases reported to California Poison Control System. Although exposures to opioids or benzodiazepines alone significantly decreased after guideline release, there was no significant change in concomitant exposures. Additionally, for exposures associated with serious medical outcomes, concomitant exposures, and single opioid exposures significantly increased following guideline release.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the guideline was not associated with a corresponding decrease in the number of concomitant poisoning exposures reported to California Poison Control System. Additional interventions may be needed to reduce concomitant exposures to opioids and benzodiazepines.

Keywords:

• Analgesics
• opioids
• benzodiazepines
• California
• poisons

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Terry Carlson at the California Poison Control System for his assistance in identifying relevant records and generating de-identified data files.

Author contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception, design, data collection, data analysis, manuscript preparation, and revisions.

Data availability statement

The data supporting the conclusions of this article are available from the California Poison Control System by submitting a Data Request Form.

Additional information

Funding

The authors reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.