A comprehensive study on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with the blends of diesel, jojoba oil biodiesel, and butylated hydroxyl anisole as an alternative fuel

ABSTRACT

Supplementary requests for nonrenewable-based fossil fuel and a massive increase in atmospheric air quality, due to the excess dependency on nonrenewable fuel especially diesel, offered a view to find energy production from a renewable resource for the unaltered compression-ignition engine. The present work intends to evaluate the engine characteristics, namely, emission and performance of a Jojoba oil biodiesel (JB100) fueled diesel engine with Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) as an antioxidant at distinct mass fractions (50, 75, and 1000 ppm). The experimentation was conducted in a single cylinder, water-cooled, direct injection compression ignition (DICI) diesel engine with 1500 rpm at constant speed. The experimental work on the compression-ignition engine revealed that the blending of BHA to JB100 leads to improved engine efficiency through diminished fuel utilization. The findings exhibited that the addition of BHA leads to an upgraded production of emission levels from the engine (especially hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke). BHA addition to JB100 has a substantial effect on decreasing NOx emission. JB100+ BHA1000 showed lower NOx compared to all other prepared fuel samples. Based on experimentation, JB100 was observed as a noticeable substitute for conventional fuel and BHA presence helps to improve the performance and emission parameters. JB100+ BHA1000 sample was deliberated advantageous compared to JB100+ BHA750 and JB100+ BHA500 based on its engine characteristics.

KEYWORDS:

• Jojoba oil biodiesel
• antioxidants
• butylated hydroxyl anisole
• diesel engine
• performance
• emission

Nomenclature

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BTE Brake Thermal Efficiency

BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

bTDC Before Top Dead Centre

BHA Butylated Hydroxyl Anisole

DAQ Data Acquisition System

DI Direct Injection

CO Carbon Monoxide

FESEM Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy

GC-MS Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry

HC Hydrocarbon

HSU Hartridge Smoke Unit

JB100 100% of Jojoba oil biodiesel or 100% of jojoba oil methyl ester

JB100+BHA500 100% jojoba oil biodiesel with 500 ppm of BHA

JB100+BHA750 100% jojoba oil biodiesel with 750 ppm of BHA

JB100+BHA1000 100% jojoba oil biodiesel with 1000 ppm of BHA

NOx Oxides of Nitrogen

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank the University Grants Commission (UGC)-South Eastern Regional Office, Hyderabad, India for granting financial support for purchasing engine emission measuring equipment through Minor Research Projects for Teachers with grant number 4-4/2013-14 (MRP-SEM/UGC-SERO).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the University Grants Commission [4-4/2013-14 (MRP-SEM/UGC-SERO)].

Notes on contributors

Karthickeyan Viswanathan

Karthickeyan Viswanathan is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India. He obtained his Ph.D. from Anna University, Chennai, India. His research interests include alternative energy resources, emission analysis and process engineering.

Arulraj Paulraj

Arulraj Paulrajis an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering,  Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai, India. His research interests includes alternative fuels, biodiesel and emission control techniques.