A multilevel hypernetworks approach to capture properties of team synergies at higher complexity levels

Abstract

Previous work has sought to explain team coordination using insights from theories of synergy formation in collective systems. Under this theoretical rationale, players are conceptualised as independent degrees of freedom, whose interactions can become coupled to produce team synergies, guided by shared affordances. Previous conceptualisation from this perspective has identified key properties of synergies, the measurement of which can reveal important aspects of team dynamics. However, some team properties have been measured through implementation of a variety of methods, while others have only been loosely addressed. Here, we show how multilevel hypernetworks comprise an innovative methodological framework that can successfully capture key properties of synergies, clarifying conceptual issues concerning team collective behaviours based on team synergy formation. Therefore, this study investigated whether different synergy properties could be operationally related utilising hypernetworks. Thus, we constructed a multilevel model composed of three levels of analysis. Level N captured changes in tactical configurations of teams during competitive performance. While Team A changed from an initial 1-4-3-3 to a 1-4-4-2 tactical configuration, Team B altered the dynamics of the midfielders. At Level N + 1, the 2 vs. 1 (1 vs. 2) and 1 vs. 1 were the most frequently emerging simplices, both behind and ahead of the ball line for both competing teams. Level N + 2 allowed us to identify the prominent players (a6, a8, a12, a13) and their interactions, within and between simplices, before a goal was scored. These findings showed that different synergy properties can be assessed through hypernetworks, which can provide a coherent theoretical understanding of competitive team performance.

Keywords:

• Multilevel hypernetworks
• dynamics
• team synergies
• team collective behaviour
• performance analysis
• association football

Acknowledgments

Duarte Araújo was partially funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, under Grant UID/DTP/UI447/2019 to CIPER-Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (unit 447). Rui J. Lopes's work was partially funded by FCT/MEC through national funds and when applicable co-funded by FEDER-PT2020 partnership agreement under the project UID/EEA/50008/2020.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia [grant number UID/DTP/UI447/2019]; Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Instituto de Telecomunicações; [grant number UIDB/ EEA/50008/2020].