Routine and Individual-Level Influences on Newspaper Front-Page Images: Wire Photographs, Staff Photojournalism, Race and Gender

ABSTRACT

This study uncovers routine and individual-level influences upon the content of US front-page images. This examination is justified by a news-image environment increasingly dominated by a small number of central agencies and with a lack of photojournalist diversity. At the routine level, differences are assessed based on whether images are taken by an on-staff photojournalist or a wire photographer. At the individual level, differences are assessed based on the photographer’s race and gender. The visual content studied includes three general categories: photojournalistic news values (presence of people, activity of persons of people in the image, whether eye contact is portrayed, emotional hierarchy, and topic), representation (race and gender of people or persons in the image), and visual elevation (circulation of the image in which the image appears, image usage, and image topic). Results of the study show a number of significant routine-level differences, but fewer differences based on the individual characteristics of the photojournalist, which primarily pertain to the representation of subjects.

KEYWORDS:

• Photojournalism
• visual representation
• hierarchy of influences
• newswires
• photojournalistic news values
• visual elevation

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Dr. Shimaa Mohammed at Minia University, Egypt, Crysta Jones, Ivy Ashe and Aubrey O’Neal for their assistance in the data coding process.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).