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Translation

Tradition and Collaboration between the Avant-Garde and Francoism (1940 to 1960)

Pages 150-184 | Published online: 21 Jan 2021
 

Abstract

The 1950s saw an intense collaboration process take place in Spain between the totalitarian government of General Franco and a significant part of the avant-garde artistic scene. Although there are a number of causes for this complex process, it is worth highlighting the role given to a supposed “anti-modern” myth of Spanish culture—symbolized in the Baroque and spiritual transcendence—which was seen as the glue that would bind and unify artistic and political action to benefit all those involved.

Notes

Notes

1 Cited in Antonio Morales Moya, “Los primeros destellos,” España, años 50. Una década de creación, exhibition catalogue, SEACEX, Málaga, Budapest and Prague (2004): 29.

2 José Camón Aznar, ABC newspaper, July 9, 1942.

3 María Tomás, Madrid newspaper, July 16, 1952.

4 José María Pemán, “Oración ante una imagen industrial,” ABC newspaper, Madrid, July 30, 1952, 3.

5 La Estafeta Literaria, Madrid, October 13, 1956; cited in Gabriel Ureña, Las vanguardias artísticas en la posguerra española. 1940-1959 (Madrid: Istmo, 1982), 99.

6 Mercedes Rozas, “Sotomayor: el eco gallego de Velázquez,” La Voz de Galicia, January 21, 2005; also see Ureña, Las vanguardias artísticas, 340.

7 Alfredo Sánchez Bella, one of the official promotors of the avant-garde at the Institute Hispanic Culture, declared that “Abstract art is art which lends itself most to falseness […] Ninety-five per cent of it is a hoax.” In the Madrid newspaper, January 2, 1954.

8 Hans Magnus Enzensberger, ¡Europa, Europa! (Barcelona: Anagrama, 1989), 98.

9 See María Isabel Cabrera García, Tradición y vanguardia en el pensamiento artístico español (1939-1959), 9 (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1998), 119: “Spanish fascism is much more historically inclined tan the other European totalitarian regimes. The statements made on this matter are quite clear, and the subject of tradition, which appears in almost of the arguments, is regarded as the eternal lifeblood of Spanish art and the only thing that is capable of sustaining the mechanisms that the prompt the emergence of a new theoretical system that can be applied to the present”. Cf. José Luis de la Nuez Santana, “Arte y política en la crítica española (1939-1976): el debate historiográfico,” in Arte y política en la crítica española (1939-2000), ed. J. L. de la Nuez Santana, Revista de Historiografía, no. 13, VII, Madrid (2010): 15–29.

10 Joaquín Ruiz Giménez, “Arte y política; relaciones entre arte y estado,” El correo literario, II, no. 34–35, Madrid, November 1, 1951, 1.

11 See Encyclical Letter “On The Sacred Liturgy” (November 20, 1947), Rome: “We cannot but deplore reprove those images and forms recently introduced by some, which seem to be deformations and debasements of sane art, and which at times are even in open contradiction to Christian grace, modesty and piety, and miserably offend true religious sentiment; these indeed are to be totally excluded and expelled from our churches.” Also see: Ilustración del Santo Oficio sobre Arte Sagrado, Rome, June 30, 1952.

12 Dictamen sobre las obras de artes decorativas propuestas para la nueva Basílica de Aránzazu, Comisión Diocesana de Arte Sacro, Obispado de San Sebastián, July 6, 1955.

13 Muñoz Hidalgo, lecture on “Arte Religioso y Arte Abstracto”; cited in Ureña, Las vanguardias artísticas, 144–145.

14 Ureña, Las vanguardias artísticas, 144

15 Among these artists were Gasch, Cirlot, Santos Torroella, Cirici i Pellicer, Gullón, Oteiza, Chillida, and several artists from the El Paso group. One example worth noting here is the exhibition of religious art held at the Caralt Gallery in Barcelona in 1952. The exhibition was organised in conjunction with the ultra-conservative XXXV International Eucharist Congress, and the works on display included pieces by Subirachs, Ponç, Ràfols-Casamada, Guinovart, Tharrats and Planasdurà, de Solà. See the accompanying exhibition catalogue for more details: Exposición sobre arte religioso, Galería Caralt, Barcelona, 1952.

16 José Luis López de Aranguren, “Sobre arte y religión,” Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, no. 26 (February 1952): 184–190; José María Valverde, Informaciones, October 31, 1946; Luis Trabazo, “Orden y caos en el arte contemporáneo,” Arbor, no. 175–176, Madrid, July 1960: 19–30.

17 Juan Perucho, “Antonio Tàpies o el hervor de lo inerte,” El arte en las artes (Barcelona: Nauta, 1965), 11.

18 Ricardo Gullón, El arte abstracto y sus problemas (Madrid: Instituto de Cultura Hispánica, 1956).

19 Ureña, Las vanguardias artísticas, 152–3.

20 Casimiro Morcillo, “Continuidad del Arte Sacro,” 1958; cited in Ureña, Las vanguardias artísticas, 153–4.

21 In Javier Tusell, Arte, historia y política en España (1890-1939) (Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1999), 98.

22 Manuel Sánchez Camargo, “La pintura de ayer, de hoy y de mañana,” El Alcázar, Madrid, November 16, 1939, 1.

23 Enrique Lafuente Ferrari, “Las Exposiciones Nacionales y la vida artística en España,” Arbor X, Madrid (1948): 353.

24 Fernando Chueca Goitia, Invariantes castizos de la arquitectura española (Madrid: Dossat, 1947), 121.

25 Eugenio d’Ors, Lo barroco (Madrid: Tecnos&Alianza, 2002/1922).

26 Ibid., 37.

27 Ibid., 11.

28 Francisco Calvo Serraller, Del futuro al pasado. Vanguardia y tradición en el arte español contemporáneo (Madrid: Alianza, 1990), 27.

29 See the interviews with Juan Luis Ravel, Pedro Respaldiza and J. L. Romero de Torres for the exhibition entitled El d_efecto barroco. Políticas de la imagen hispana, Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (2010), and Centro de Arte Contemporáneo de Quito, Ecuador (2011).

30 Helmut Hatzfeld, Estudios sobre el barroco (Madrid: Gredos, 1966), 18–19.

31 Ibid.

32 Like Wilhelm Hausenstein, who challenged the idea that art of a particularly spiritual nature that uses tangible media to express itself was exclusive to Spain. See Wilhelm Hausenstein, Vom geist des barock, (Berlin: R. Piper & Co., 1921).

33 Ibid., 21.

34 See Helmut Hatzfeld, “A Critical Survey of the Recent Baroque Studies,” Boletín del Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 4, no. 3 (1948): 471.

35 Nikolaus Pevsner, Barockmalerei in den Romanischen Ländern (Wildpark Potsdam: A. V. Athenaion, 1928), part I: Die italienische Malerei vom Ende der Renaissance bis zum ausgehenden Rokoko, 3. 5, 107: “Die Aufgabe eines auf das Diesseits, auf die Harmonie des Lebens und die organische Schönheit der Form gerichteten Ideals zugunsten der Sehnsucht nach dem Jenseits und eines Ideals entkörperlichter Schönheit.”

36 Ibid., 30.

37 See Sergio Bertelli, Rebeldes, libertinos y ortodoxos en el Barroco (Barcelona: Península, 1984/1973), 11.

38 Wilhelm Worringer, La esencia del estilo gótico (Buenos Aires: Nueva Visión, 1967/1911), 138; José Ortega y Gasset, “Arte de este mundo y el otro,” El Imparcial newspaper, Madrid, July 1911.

39 José Luis López Aranguren, “El arte de la España nueva,” Vértice, Madrid, no. 5, September 1937.

40 Ramiro de Maeztu, Defensa de la Hispanidad, Madrid, 1934.

41 Juan de Contreras y López de Ayala, Características del arte español, Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo, Santander, 1971; cited in Julián Díaz Sánchez, La “oficialización” de la vanguardia artística en la posguerra española (el Informalismo en la crítica de arte y los grandes relatos) (doctoral thesis, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Cuenca, 1998), 14.

42 Alexandre Cirici Pellicer, “Dau al Set,” Vint-i-dos [Ariel], (February 1951): 60, cited in Narcís Selles Rigat, Alexandre Cirici Pellicer (Barcelona: Afers, 2007), 75.

43 Joan Teixidor, “Arte otro en Barcelona,” Destino, February 16, 1957.

44 Rafael Canogar, “Tener los pies en la tierra,” Papeles de Son Armadans, no. 37 (1959), 70; cited in Julián Díaz Sánchez and Angel Llorente, La crítica de arte en España (1939–1976) (Madrid: Istmo, 2004), 83.

45 Díaz Sánchez, La “oficialización” de la vanguardia, 56.

46 See Ureña, Las vanguardias artísticas, 143.

47 Luis Figuerola-Ferretti, “Arte. Modigliani, Campigli, los abstractos y la escultura italiana contemporánea,” Arriba, Madrid, July 6, 1955, 13, cited in Díaz Sánchez, La crítica de arte, 155.

48 Ricardo Guyón, “Proyecto para la Escuela de Altamira,” in De Goya al arte abstracto (Madrid, 1952), 187–188.

49 Díaz Sánchez, La “oficialización” de la vanguardia, 147.

50 Manuel J. Borja-Villel, “Los cambios de gusto. Tàpies y la crítica,” Tàpies. Els anys 80, exhibition catalogue (Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1988), 63–68.

51 Most of the survivors of Spain’s historic avant-garde movements had been surrealists: Miró, Dalí, Foix, Ferrant, Caballero, Westerdahl, Gasch, Eudald Serra, Juan Ismael and Tomas Seral.

52 Borja-Villel, “Los cambios de gusto,” 63.

53 Manifest Groc (Yellow Manifesto) was a surrealist manifesto that was presented in 1928 by Salvador Dalí, Sebastià Gasch and Lluís Montanyà and railed against the Noucentista movement.

54 Juan Manuel Bonet, “De una vanguardia bajo el franquismo,” in Arte del Franquismo, ed. Antonio Bonet Correa (Madrid: Cátedra, 1981).

55 Serge Guilbaut, “Materias de reflexión: los muros de Antoni Tàpies,” Tàpies. Comunicació sobre el mur, exhibition catalogue (Barcelona: Fundació Antoni Tàpies, 1992), 273.

56 Bonet, “De una vanguardia bajo el franquismo”.

57 Friedrich Bayl, “Tàpies o el silencio,” Papeles de Son Armadans, monograph on Antoni Tàpies, Madrid-Palma de Mallorca, no. LVII (1960): 242.

58 Cited in Salvador López de la Torre, “Humilde mirada española sobre la pintura abstracta,” Juventud journal, Madrid, February 18–24, 1954.

59 José Ortega y Gasset, “Arte de este mundo y el otro,” El Imparcial newspaper, Madrid, July 1911.

60 Américo Castro, España en su historia. Ensayos sobre historia y literatura (Madrid: Trotta, 2004/1940), 17–20.

61 López de la Torre, “Humilde mirada española”.

62 Cited in Calvo Serraller, Del future al pasado, 171. English translation originally published in: Jeremy Lewison, New Spanish figuration: paintings by Chema Cobo, Costus, Luis Gordillo, Guillermo Pérez Villalta: An exhibition (Cambridge: The Gallery, 1982), 1952.

63 Cited in Cabrera García, Tradición y vanguardia, 574.

64 See, for example, Ricardo Gullón’s statements from 1952, when he linked some of the artists from the first half of the century to Velázquez: “The teachings of Velázquez are to be found elsewhere: in the glistening landscapes of Benjamín Palencia, in the solemn impastos of José Caballero, [and] in the brave and daring efforts of the young [Spanish] painters.” In Ricardo Gullón, “Semejanzas y diferencias en la Bienal,” Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, no. 26, Madrid, 1952.

65 In Selles, Alexandre Cirici Pellicer, 198.

66 José Camón Aznar, “Panorama de la Bienal,” ABC, Madrid, October 14, 1951, 15–23.

67 Borja-Villel, “Los cambios de gusto,” 203.

68 Genoveva Tusell García, “La proyección exterior del arte abstracto español en tiempos del grupo El Paso,” En el tiempo de El Paso, exhibition catalogue (Madrid: Centro Cultural de la Villa, 2002), 13.

69 José María Moreno Galván, “La realidad de España y la realidad de un informalismo español”; cited in De la Nuez Santana, 21.

70 Cela, Gaya Nuño, Aguilera Cerni, Cirici, Udo Kultermann, Carlo Argan, Westerdahl, Arnau Puig, Friedrich Bayl, Joan Brossa, Celso Emilio Ferreiro, Santos Torroella, Blai Bonet, Michel Tapié, Cirlot, Jacques Dupin, Fernando Chueca, Pierre Restany, and Herbert Read.

71 Papeles de Son Armadans, special edition on Antoni Tàpies, Madrid – Palma de Mallorca (2002): 13.

72 In Michel Tapié, Antoni Tàpies et l’ouvre complète, Paris, 1955.

73 Frank O’Hara, New Spanish Painting and Sculpture, exhibition catalogue (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1960).

74 Vicente Aguilera Cerni, “La Bienal entre dos fuegos,” Revista, no. 337, Barcelona, September 27 to October 3, 1958: 14.

75 Paul Grinke, “Writing in the Sand,” Financial Times, London, June 25, 1965, 24.

76 John Canaday “Art: More from Spain. Modern Museum Show Follows Guggenheim’s,” The New York Times, July 20, 1960. Cited in Genoveva Tusell, “La proyección exterior del arte abstracto español en tiempos del grupo El Paso,” En el tiempo de El Paso, exhibition catalogue (Madrid: Centro Cultural de la Villa, 2002), 87–117.

77 Francis Hoyland, “Tranquil Sand,” The Listener, London, June 17, 1965, 904.

78 Paula Barreiro, “La ‘invención’ de la vanguardia en la España franquista: estrategias políticas y realidades aparentes,” in ¿Verdades cansadas? Imágenes y estereotipos acerca del mundo hispánico en Europa, ed. Víctor Bergasa, Miguel Cabañas, Manuel Lucena Giraldo and Idoia Murga (Madrid: CSIC, 2009), 355.

79 Eduardo Ducay, “Antipintura y arte anti-español,” Índice de Artes y Letras, Madrid, no. 54–55, September 15, 1952. https://www.soymenos.net/gzlez_robles_eng.pdf

80 On this note, it is worth remembering the words of Luis González Robles regarding the political and personal attitudes of the artists around this time: “I wasn’t interested in whether they were reds, homosexual or whatever […] I have a rule which says: ‘Don’t interfere with other peoples’ lives; and they won’t interfere with yours’. See: “Entrevista a Luis González Robles,” in ¿Puedo hablarle con libertad, excelencia?, ed. J. L. Marzo, 141–160. Download from: https://www.soymenos.net/gzlez_robles_eng.pdf

81 Antoni Tàpies, Memoria personal. Fragmento para una autobiografía (Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1983/1977), 376–7.

82 Eugenio d’Ors, La tradición (Buenos Aires: Editoriales reunidas, 1939), 20.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jorge Luis Marzo

First presented in Spanish as “Tradición y colaboracionismo entre vanguardia y franquismo de 1940 a 1960.” Conferencia en el seminario “Discurso de la modernidad,” Università di Venezia (IUAV) y Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Venecia, 1-3 de diciembre de 2011.

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