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ABSTRACT
As per the commitment of COP-21, reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under various production systems without affecting productivity is one of the important challenges in addressing global warming. To address this, environmentally and economically efficient climate resilient management practices were identified under the National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project and were implemented in the sixteen study villages of four districts of Eastern India. In this study, the GHG emissions in terms of C balance in tCO2eq due to the adoption of climate resilient practices in agriculture, livestock and forestry were estimated using the EX-ACT model that was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN). EX-ACT tool was found to be an user-friendly and easy tool to assess the C balance in small areas with diverse climate and soil types. The findings of this study reveal that there is a sink due to the adoption of mitigation strategies (climate resilient management practices) in annuals, perennials and afforestration, while a source (emissions) was observed in irrigated rice, land use change and fertilizer use (inputs). When all the components were considered instead of a single component, the overall C balance in the study villages was found negative, suggesting a sink.
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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 TCA: Policy Assistance and Resources Mobilization Division; TCI: Investment Centre Division; ESA: Agricultural Development Economics Division
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Notes on contributors
K. Sammi Reddy
K. Sammi Reddy is head of the Division of Resource Management, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad. He has been awarded by many national and international organisations; Dhiru Morarji Memorial Award of FAI, 1995 and 2005; PPIC-FAI Award, 1997; Golden Jubilee Commemoration Young Scientist Award of ISSS, 2002; IMPHOS-FAI Award, 2003; TSI-FAI Award, 2006; FAI Golden Jubilee Award for Excellence, 2008 and 2013; National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) Associate Fellow, 2006-10; Hari Om Ashram Trust Award of ICAR, 2008-09; Best Paper Presentation Award of ISSS, 2011; 12th International Congress of Soil Science Commemoration Award of ISSS, 2013. He is fellow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) and Indian Society of Soil Science (ISSS). Area of research includes the soil health management and climate change, carbon sequestration, soil testing and dryland agriculture. He has published 102 research papers in international and national reputed journals and many books and review papers.
Ch. Srinivasarao
Ch. Srinivasa Rao has 28 years of experience in soil carbon sequestration, climate change, contingency planning, rainfed area development and agriculture research management and policy development. He led as national coordinator for ICAR-flagship program on Climate Change, NICRA. He served as member, coordinator and lead for many national committees and groups. He was technical chairperson of National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), Climate Change Negotiator in Indian delegation represented at UNFCCC, SBSTA, COP meetings at Spain, Germany and France. For his outstanding research work, he has received many awards from ICAR, International Potash Institute, ICRISAT, DST, Govt. of India and from many premium organisations and institutions. Presently working as Director, ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad. Dr. Srinivasa Rao has published over 277 Research Papers, 42 Books and reviewer for 15 International Journals and visited more than 15 countries for scientific meetings.
V. Girija Veni
V. Girija Veni received her Ph.D (Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry) from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. She currently works as scientist at Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad. She is mainly involved in the study of zeolite use in dryland agriculture, soil health management & climate change and fertilizer management strategies. She is author or co-author of 24 research papers in peer reviewed journals. She has qualified for lectureship in ‘Soil fertility/chemistry/microbiology’ from Indian Council of Agricultural Research and ‘Earth science’ from Council of Scientific and Industrial research, India.
J.V.N.S. Prasad
J.V.N.S. Prasad is a principal scientist (Agronomy) at CRIDA from 2011. Dr. Prasad received his Ph.D from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. He has worked intensively on livelihood improvement of communities through productivity enhancement of crops, cropping systems and land use systems under rainfed conditions. He is the co-ordinator of Technology demonstration Component (TDC) of NICRA, which demonstrates climate resilient practices in 120 vulnerable districts of the country. He received Dr. P. S. Deshmukh young agronomist award from Indian Society of Agronomy, New Delhi. His current research interest include evaluation of climate resilient practices, conservation agriculture, agroforestry systems and mitigation practices for climate change in agriculture.
K.L. Sharma
K.L. Sharma is Principal Scientist and National Fellow at Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture. Dr. Sharma received Ph.D in soil science and agricultural chemistry from IARI, New Delhi. He has published more than 200 papers (Includes research papers, book chapters, review papers, books and conference papers) on diversified themes of rainfed agriculture. His research interest lie in the fields of integrated nutrient management, soil quality improvement and assessment, residue recycling and organic matter management. Some of the key research achievements were; identification of key indicators of soil quality for development of quantitative integrated soil quality index (ISQI), modification of urea through granulation by compaction and blending, sorghum yield prediction using root zone water balance model, release pattern of nutrients N, P and S from farm based residues, nutrient mining pattern in semiarid tropical regions of India and assessment of soil quality under predominant long-term soil-nutrient management practices. He has been awarded by many prestigious organisations.
K. Sumanta
K. Sumanta is currently working as a scientist in the discipline of Agronomy at ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad. He made significant contributions in developing conservation agriculture (CA) practices in rainfed systems, estimated carbon sequestration potential, identified C positive management practices and derived requirement of minimum C input for maintaining soil organic carbon and identified location specific nutrient management options involving locally available organic resources in rainfed agroecosystems in India. Dr. Kundu has published 45 research papers in reputed international and national journals, 4 books, 26 book chapters, 2 technical bulletins. He earned numerous recognition including International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) Scholar Award, Associate fellow of Telangana Academy of Sciences (TAS), The Mosaic Company Foundation Award for Outstanding Doctoral Research in the area of Plant Nutrition.
Ch. Chandrasekhar
Ch. Chandrasekhar has completed Ph.D in soil science and agricultural chemistry from PJTS Agricultural University, India. He is presently working as Research Associate at ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, India. His major research interests are climate change in relation to agriculture, soil survey and land use planning and soil fertility management studies.
Jha. Ratnesh Kumar
Jha. Ratnesh Kumar is Professor-cum-Chief Scientist (Agronomy) in Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Pusa, Bihar. Presently he is heading the Center for Advance Studies on Climate Change as Project Director. He is Principal Investigator of "Scaling up Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) through mainstreaming Climate Smart Villages (CSVs) in Bihar from August 2018. He has received a numerous awards for his excellence in both teaching and research.
S.K. Choudhary
S.K. Choudhary received his Ph.D. from RAU, Pusa in Agronomy. Later joined in KVK - Supaul in 2004. Served as Head of the KVK and In charge of NICRA-TDC Project till 2019 and then transferred to KVK-Gaya, Bihar. Presently he is working as Program Coordinator for KVK – Gaya, Bihar.
Deokaran
Deokaran is presently working as Subject Matter Specialist, Soil Science/ Soil & Water Conservation in Krishi Vigyan Kendra Buxar under administrative control of ICAR, Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna. He received his Ph.D in Agricultural Chemistry from CSJMU, Kanpur. Dr Deokaran has more than 19 years of profession experience in the study of zinc and boron effect on legumes, farm trials on climate resilient practices. He has contributed for extension literature for spread of climate resilient agriculture.
S.K. Mishra
S.K. Mishra completed his M.Tech in Agril Engineering from GBPAU&T, Uttarakhand. Worked as head & incharge of KVK Nawada, Bihar untill 2017. Research work includes soil and water conservation practices under NICRA project. Demonstrated and scaled up the in-situ and ex-situ practices in soil and water conservation practices at district level.
Nityanand
Nityanand is presently working as Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Aurangabad, Bihar. He completed his Ph.D. in the year 2003 from prestigious Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra. In his tenure the KVK has received national awards like Pandit Deen Dayal Krishi Protsahan Puraskar (Zonal) 2016-17 and Best NICRA KVK Award during 2018-19.
Shobha Rani
Shobha Rani presently working as Senior Scientist & Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jehanabad, under Bihar Agricultural University, Bihar. She has Nineteen years of experience mainly in the field of agricultural extension and research. She has published 44 research papers, 15 book chapters, 25 hindi articles and more than 120 technical bulletins.
V.K. Singh
V.K. Singh received his Ph.D. in Agronomy from CSAUAT Kanpur. Served as Principal Investigator for NICRA-TDC project in KVK Koderma until 2016. Presently he is working as Senior Scientist at ICAR-IISR Lucknow. He is currently working on farmer’s participatory evaluation of resilient practices in the same institute.
L.K. Das
L.K. Das has completed M.Sc (Agriculture) in Agricultural Extension from Birsa Agriculture University, Ranchi in 1990. He started his career in KVK, West Singhbhum as a training associate (Agril. Extension) during 1994-1997. Then worked in IVLP project in 1998. Further, worked as training associate in remanding KVK at Dumka from 2001-2003. After that he worked as subject matter specialist from 2004-2006 in KVK, Garhwa. From 2007 to 2019, he was worked as Senior Scientist and Head in KVK- Garhwa, KVK- Palamu, KVK-Simdega. Presently working as Head KVK- Dhanbad. He is fellow of Indian Society of Extension education. He was awarded as young scientist at university level.
Arti Bin Ekka
Arti Beena Ekka received his M.Sc (Agriculture) from IARI, New Delhi and Ph.D from BAU, Ranchi in 1998 and 2012 respectively. Presently working as training organiser at KVK East Singhbhum and incharge of NICRA Project, ARYA Project, DRMR Project, CCKN-IA, GIZ, Germany and Pulse Seed Hub Project. She has been awarded the excellence in extension award, society for agriculture innovative & development and young scientist award, on doubling farmers income for sustainable & harmonious agriculture by BAU, Ranchi.
Sanjay Kumar
Sanjay Kumar received his M. Sc. (Ag.) and Ph.D in Agronomy from Rajendra Agriculture University, Pusa, Bihar and Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand in 1991 and 1996 respectively. Dr Sanjay started his career as Training Associate (Agronomy) at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kaimur, Bihar. He was the key person for the scaling up of climate resilient oilseed varieties at district level. He worked as principal investigator of AICRP on Niger later selected as a Senior Scientist & Head at KVK Gumla during 2006. As the head performing agriculture technology assessment/ refinement, Technology demonstration, Training, Seed production and development of IFS model at the KVK level. Dr Sanjay is the working as Principal Investigator for NICRA, ARYA, AICRP on Niger and maize at the KVK level.
S. Ranjay Kumar
S. Ranjay Kumar completed the doctoral degree programme in Agricultural Extension Education from Visva Bharati, West Bengal. Started his professional career as Deputy Project Director, ATMA, Palamu district. Further, work as a Subject Matter Specialist from 2004 to 2005 in Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra. From 2005 to till date working as a Senior Scientist and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra, Jharkhand. He is author and co-author for 65 research papers and 10 books chapter. Areas of research and work include participatory research program and PRA training to extension functionaries and progressive farmers.
Biswas Sujan
Sujan Biswas completed his Ph.D. (Ag.) in Soil Science. He worked as Subject Matter Specialist in Soil Science in Cooch Behar Krishi Vigyan Kendra under Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya since 2005 to 2018 (13 Years). Presently working as Sr. Scientist & Head in Dhaanyaganga Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Murshidabad under Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational & Research Institute since September 2018. His area of interest includes- Research on Nitrogen Mineralization, Natural Resource Management & Resource Conservation.
P.K. Gangopadhyay
P.K. Gangopadhyay received Ph.D from Agricultural Extension from Visva Bharati University, West Bengal. Dr Gangopadhyay worked as program coordinated for KVK Malda, west Bengal for 11 years. During his tenure, he demonstrated and scaled up the climate resilient varieties of paddy ad flood protection systems in the NICRA villages. Presently he is head of theDakshin Dinajpur KrishiVigyan Kendra under Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya as Principal Scientist and Head since June 01, 2016.
M. Nilendu Jyoti
M. Nilendu Jyoti received his Ph.D. in Agriculture & Rural Development. Worked as Subject Matter Specialist from 2000 to 2004. Thereafter, joined as Sr. Scientist & Head of KVK-South 24 Parganas, West Bengal up to 2018. Presently working as Deputy Director of Research under DREF, WBUAFS, Kolkata. His present working area includes Integrated Farming System and Animal Nutrition.
Ram Nagesh
Ram Nagesh received his Ph.D. in fishery science from CIFE, Mumbai. His major work includes development aquaculture in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. He worked as Head for ICAR-KVK, Port Blair and involved in the NICRA-TDC project as principal investigator up to 2019. Previously worked as Director of Fisheries Department, Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
F. H. Rahman
F.H. Rahman received his M.Sc and Ph.D in Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science from BCKV, West Bengal. Presently working as Principal Scientist at ICAR-ATARI, Kolkata and Nodal officer for NICRA-TDC for Odisha and West Bengal states. Dr. Rahman is a visiting professor in Calcutta University from April 2013 to March 2016 and associated with NICRA, National Project on cluster demonstration on pulse and oilseeds, National Project on Soil Health Cards and ARYA projects. Dr Rahman was awarded several fellowships and awards; Best NREGA Award for Excellence’ from Govt. of India in 2010, Best KVK Professional Award 2011 by Society of Extension Education by ICAR and Young Scientist Award 2014 by Society of Extension Education. He has published 50 research papers, 4 books, 25 book chapters and 30 technical bulletins.
Anjani Kumar
Anjani Kumar is the present Director of ICAR-ATARI, Patna received his Ph.D in Agronomy and has a professional experience of 24 years in technology dissemination, climate change, capacity building of farmers and ICT tools. Dr Anjani Kumar has contributed for NICRA, Established IT unit at KVK and started using ICT tools for faster dissemination of technologies. He has initiated the agricultural Internship programme for school students, training programmes and diploma in water shed management and concept and implemented Seed Village programme and Pulse village programme. He has received many awards by International and National Organisations. He served as a coordinator for FET and MDP programs. He was the member and chairman for various national committees and groups. He is author and co-author for 10 books, 15 research papers and 16 technical bulletins and manuals. He also published 60 popular articles and 56 extension literatures.
S.S. Singh
S.S. Singh, is currently the Director Extension Education, RLBCAU Jhansi, India. He has been Director, Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Kolkata; Head, Division of Crop Production at ICAR- IIPR Kanpur; Head Division of Crop Research at ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna and Research Scientist in CIMMYT. Dr. Singh has more than 34 Years of experience in the field of Crop and Water Management, Resource Conservation, Farming System, Research and Extension. Dr. Singh has experience through 20 externally funded projects and led projects on climate change and technology transfer. He had published several Research Papers in Refereed Journals (115), Book Chapters (20), Technical Bulletins (10), Papers in Proceedings (26) Popular Articles (42), Extension Folders (40), Papers as Extended Summary/ in seminar/symposium/workshop (110) and International Reports (12).
A.K. Singh
A.K. Singh was awarded Ph.D. degree in Agricultural Extension from Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, where he started his professional career as Assistant Professor. Presently guiding and managing entire frontline extension system and Krishi Vigyan Kendras of the country as Deputy Director General (Agricultural Extension), Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Major initiatives pursued by him are Farmer FIRST Programme, Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture (ARYA), Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav (MGMG), Extramural Research Grant, Coordinated and network research in extension, cluster demonstration of pulses and oilseeds. He is involved in the launch of four new initiatives like Value Addition and Technology Incubation Centre Agriculture (VATICA), Knowledge System and Homestead Agriculture Management in Tribal Areas (KSHAMTA), Nutri-sensitive Agricultural Resources and Innovations (NARI) and Farm Innovation and Resource Management. Developed KVK guideline. He has published more than 113 research papers, 55 books and book chapters and about 50 popular articles. He is recipient of 15 awards/recognitions from various organisations.