Hazard prioritisation of substances in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging

ABSTRACT

Thousands of intentionally added substances can be used in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Some of them can be transferred to foodstuffs through a phenomenon called migration, arising concerns on the potential adverse health effects derived from the exposure to chemicals that have not yet been assessed for their risks to humans. The large number of the substances concerned and the lack of prioritisation strategies hamper the work of control authorities, since it is not clear which substances should be monitored as first priority. In this study, a hazard prioritisation strategy is proposed. An inventory listing more than 6,000 substances used in inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging was compiled and filtered using several exclusion criteria aimed to set apart those substances for which there is no apparent need for further evaluation or because fall into one of the exclusion categories of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. Additionally, substances with a molecular weight >1,000 Da were removed. Approximately 2,300 substances were retained, for which a comprehensive hazard profiling was conducted based on the general scheme for the application of the TTC approach. First, structural alerts for genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity were investigated. If a substance was neither genotoxic nor belonging to the chemical classes of organophosphates and carbamates, the Cramer classification was used. Furthermore, the substances were searched for their presence in three so-called ‘Substances of Concern’ lists and RASFF notifications. Groups of high, medium and low priority substances were established, resulting in 1,660 substances classified as high and medium priority. A panel of five experts evaluated these substances with respect to their relevance for further risk evaluations. By applying this hazard prioritisation strategy, 696 substances were identified as ‘Very High Priority Substances’ (VHPS) for which further assessments should be performed.

KEYWORDS:

• Adhesives
• food contact materials
• food packaging
• plastic packaging
• safety evaluation
• risk assessment
• hazard assessment
• prioritisation strategy
• in silico toxicology
• printing inks
• threshold of toxicological concern
• substances of concern
• very high priority substances

Acknowledgments

We thank the five experts involved in the experts’ evaluation phase for their time and valuable insights.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the publisher’s website.

Additional information

Funding

FOD Volksgezondheid, Veiligheid van de Voedselketen en Leefmilieu ROMIL project number RF 18/6322