https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2647-1698
![Sample our Earth Sciences journals, sign in here to start your access, latest two full volumes FREE to you for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5930/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Earth-Sciences.jpg"})
ABSTRACT
Is it necessary to modify the structure of chitosan and alginate before their use in adsorption? If yes, what type of modification can be used, and what agent should be chosen for the modification? Is there a difference between grafting and crosslinking agents and what are the benefits of each after adsorption? This review article tries to answer these questions by comparing the efficiency of biosorption of certain metals on alginate and chitosan, both before and after modification. Understanding the limitations, benefits, and drawbacks of each type of modification is essential in the field of water and wastewater treatment. Hence, this review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using each grafting agent and the benefits of modifying the alginate and chitosan adsorbents. It tries to develop insights into the linkage between selected modification agents and types of pollutants and their bonding preferences with respect to –O, –N, and –S atoms. Thus, it highlights the contributions of each functional group added to alginate and chitosan structures through grafting, cross-linking, or both. Also, it elaborates on the corresponding benefits of each functional group (or modification) in the biosorption process. The type of contribution of each type of modification to the sorption efficiency, the way pH changes affect, reduction in adsorbent dose, the mechanisms involved in the process, the nature of adsorption, and other added properties in comparison to their natural forms, are discussed in this review, and some perspectives are suggested for future studies. Based on the concepts and ideas discussed in the current review, one can make more informed and insightful choices when selecting and modifying the studied adsorbent.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all those who contributed to this work.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
Data will be made available upon request.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Asmaa Benettayeb
Dr. Asmaa Benettayeb was born in Oran, Algeria in 1988 and received his formation and Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf. His research focused on the development of new processes in relation to the field of environment and chemical engineering, especially in the field of water and wastewater treatment with extensive focus on adsorption and chemical/physical modification of alginate, Chitosan, and other biosorbents for adsorption of heavy metals, Uranium, Rare earth elements and water purification technology.
Mustapha Hadj Brahim
Mustapha Hadj Brahim is Ph.D. student working on a scientific project aimed at adjusting the effectiveness of bioadsorbents in various conditions (including sorption in batch and dynamic modes) for application to real waste. He is working under the direction of Dr. Asmaa Benettayeb and Dr. Boumediene Haddou.
Basant Lal
Dr. Basant Lal is working at the department of chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, India. He passed his M.Sc. (1996) with first division from U.P. College Varanasi and obtained a Ph.D. degree from Banaras Hindu University. He has more than two decades of teaching and research experience and has taught UG and PG students. Presently, four Ph.D. students are working under his supervision. Dr. Lal is actively involved in research activities, has published more than 50 research papers in national and international reputed journals, and is also the author of two books.
Saleh Al-Farraj
Dr. Saleh Al-Farraj completed his Ph.D. at the age of 37 years from King Saud University (KSU), Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, and got trained in several labs around the world. Presently he has been working as a professor in the department of Zoology and also he is a Training and Community Service Center Manager, at King Saud University, Riyadh. He has 28 years of experience in both teaching and research activities. He has participated in several international and national conferences, symposiums, and workshops. He has published more than 132 papers in reputed national, international, and ISI journals and serves as an editorial board member of reputed journals and also has lifetime membership of Protozoa associations worldwide.
Mohamed Belkacem
Mohamed Belkacem is Ph.D. student working on a scientific project aimed at adjusting the effectiveness of bioadsorbents in various conditions (including sorption in batch and dynamic modes) for application to real waste. He is working under the direction of Dr. Asmaa Benettayeb and Dr. Boumediene Haddou.
Malbenia John Masamvu
Malbenia John Masamvu is Ph.D. student working on a scientific project aimed at adjusting the effectiveness of bioadsorbents in various conditions (including sorption in batch and dynamic modes) for application to real waste. He is working under the direction of Dr. Asmaa Benettayeb and Dr. Boumediene Haddou.
Boumediene Haddou
Dr. Boumediene Haddou is a full professor in the chemical engineering department at University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Algeria. (up to now). His main fields of research are reactors, membranes, wastewater treatment, separation technology, and adsorption. To date, Haddou has published more than 40 peer-reviewed articles.
Abdullah Ali Alkahtane
Dr. Abdullah Ali Alkahtane is a full orofessor in Zoology Department- at College of Science- King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. (up to now). He is Ph.D. graduate from the University of Minnesota, USA. (2001). His main Field of research is endocrine-molecular physiology and cell physiology.
Chin-hua Chia
Dr. Chin-hua Chia is currently a professor in the materials science program at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Chia began his career at UKM in 2008 as a senior lecturer in the materials science program. He was promoted as an associate professor in 2013 and a professor in 2021. His research focuses on syntheses of metallic and polymer nanomaterials, tailoring their nanostructure to optimize properties and performance for applications including wastewater treatment, supercapacitors, and hydrogen gas generation. Specific interests include developing nanocomposites utilizing metals, graphene, graphene oxide, nanocellulose, and more. To date, Chia has published 247 peer-reviewed articles, 6 books, and 6 book chapters. His current h-index is 46, indicating the impact of his significant body of research. Among his awards are the Young Scientist Award from UKM (2012) and the Young Scientist Award from the Malaysian Solid State Science and Technology Society (2014) for his early career accomplishments. In 2017, he received the Distinguished Lectureship Award from the Chemical Society of Japan, recognizing his stature in the international scientific community. In addition, he was appointed as The Top Research Scientists Malaysia (TRSM) by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) recently.
Mika Sillanpaa
Dr. Mika Sillanpaa received his M.Sc. (Eng.) in chemical engineering and D.Sc. (Eng.) degrees from the Helsinki University of Technology (presently known as Aalto University) where he also completed an MBA degree in 2013. His research work is closely related to chemical treatment in environmental engineering and environmental monitoring and analysis with an extensive focus on adsorption, photocatalysis, electrochemical treatment, membrane biological processes and advanced oxidation processes as well as ion mobility spectrometry, chromatographic methods, electrochemical sensor development and real-time monitoring.
Soumya Ghosh
Dr. Soumya Ghosh has been working as an assistant professor at the Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Oman since January 2024. Previously, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of the Free State, South Africa (2019 - 2024). Following his Ph.D. from Stellenbosch University, South Africa (2011-2015) he pursued his first postdoctoral studies at Thompson Rivers University, Canada (2016-2017). After returning from Canada, he joined as visiting faculty of microbiology at Kuchaman College, Rajasthan, India. Prior to his PhD, Dr. Ghosh worked as a research fellow at the Biological Center, University of Gröningen, The Netherlands (2005). Thereafter, he worked as a research fellow at the Centre of Plant Molecular Biology, Tübingen University, Germany (2005-2008) where he secured his Biologie-Diplomarbeit (2005-2006) and consecutively at the Technical University Munich, Germany (2008-2010). Dr. Ghosh completed his bachelor's degree in microbiology from Garware College, Pune, India in 1999 and subsequently his master's degree in Zoology at Pune University in 2001. Dr. Ghosh works in diverse fields ranging from plant biology to microbial diversity (bacteria and fungus). On 1 January 2024, Dr. Ghosh was been awarded the South African National Research Foundation (NRF)- C3 scientist rating.
Ahmad Hosseini-Bandegharaei
Dr. Ahmad Hosseini-Bandegharaei received his bachelor‘s degree in pure chemistry in 2003 from Ferdowsi University and completed his postgraduate studies at Birjand and Semnan universities, under the supervision of Prof. Mohammad Saeid Hosseini and Prof. Maryam Rajabi. His research interests mainly focus on (i) the preparation of new adsorbents for both solid-phase extraction and determination of pollutants and their removal from water and wastewater and (ii) the development of new heterogeneous catalysts for the mineralization of organic compounds. Now, he works as a researcher at Semnan University.