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Abstract
China effectively utilizes industrialization to enhance the productivity growth of deep-sea cage mariculture. This study reviews the industrialization of deep-sea cage mariculture in China, focusing on three sectors: small-scale cage mariculture, large-scale cage mariculture, and ocean-engineering cage mariculture, based on different productivity levels. The industrialization process is divided into three phases, considering technology development, transformation, and adoption. The performance of each phase is analyzed, revealing that Chinese intensive management of production element resources has led to the successful cultivation of domestic salmon and the development of various open net cage systems, ultimately promoting industrialization of the upstream sectors. It is worth noting that China has close business relations with Norway and Brunei. Despite these successes, some shortcomings still exist, including low profits and the risk of oligopoly formation among mariculture enterprises, which can oversaturate the livelihoods of fishermen.
Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Statistical Yearbook, shared repertoire at https://www.yearbookchina.com/index.aspx. The data in the Statistical Yearbook and a number of publications are in Chinese
Disclosure statement
The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.
Notes
1 Here, Inland aquaculture refers to the farming of aquatic organism for food and other products in ponds, reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and other inland waters (including brackish water).
2 Here, mariculture refers to the farming of marine organisms for food and other products, either in the natural marine environment, or in sea-based enclosures, such as cages, ponds, or raceways, and deep-sea cage mariculture is a kind of mariculture(Yu and Liu Citation2023).
3 Deep sea cage mariculture is cutting age technology around the world. Due to the unique physical characteristics of each sea area, there is no global consensus on the definition of the term “Deep-sea.” Some salmon sites are probably among the most exposed locations, but they are still not truly offshore although the Ocean Farm discussed in Afewerki et al. (Citation2023) is outside of the outer barrier islands.
4 All Chinese literature cited can be accessed through the international version of the CNKI database: https://oversea.cnki.net/.
5 Here, small-scale deep-sea cage mariculture refers to mariculture in open and semi-open waters above 15 m deep(Shi et al. Citation2021).
6 Here, large-scale deep-sea cage mariculture refers to mariculture in open waters with stormy wave above 15 m deep and in reef waters three nautical miles offshore, using the cage with a water volume of more than 1.0 × 104 m3, with a simple structure (Shi et al. Citation2021).
7 Here, ocean-engineering deep-sea cage mariculture refers to mariculture in open waters with stormy wave above 15m deep, and in reef waters 3 nautical miles offshore, using the cage with a water volume of more than 1.0 × 104 m3, with a complex structure (Shi et al. Citation2021).
8 The Chinese government launched the Silk Road Economic Belt and the tweny-first Century Maritime Silk Road in 2013, collectively known as the Belt and Road. The goal of this initiative is to encourage regional economic growth through mutual cooperation and shared prosperity (Huang Citation2016). The initiative encompasses the economic regions of Eurasia and Africa, as well as the surrounding maritime regions. It seeks to foster interaction and exchange among countries along the route through policy dialogue, infrastructure development, trade and investment promotion, and cultural exchange (Huang Citation2016; Lee et al. Citation2018).