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Articles

Mapping Bodies, Designing Feminist Icons

Pages 529-557 | Received 14 Sep 2019, Accepted 08 Sep 2020, Published online: 19 May 2021
 

Abstract

Bodies are nuanced, fluid, and political—often combining forms of intersecting and experiential identities. Nevertheless, bodies are frequently missing from maps altogether or, when they are included on maps, they are reduced to points, lines, and polygons. Focusing on iconography, I explore the depiction of bodies in map symbolization through a feminist lens. I apply a feminist semiotic analysis to thirty-eight Maki icons to problematize the ways in which bodies are depicted, abstracted, or erased. I analyze icon symbolization, particularly the presence/absence of bodily forms, the presence/absence of an embodied object, and the icons’ iconicity. My feminist analysis reveals the underlying silences, defaults, and power dynamics within the Maki icon set. I call mapmakers to rethink the depictions of bodies in icons—and the role of “universal” icon sets, more broadly—through a feminist lens. I offer design opportunities as a starting point for such an endeavor.

人体是细致入微的、流动性的和政治性的,常常结合了交叉性身份和经验性身份的各种形式。然而,地图常常没有表达人体,或者将人体简化为点、线和多边形。以图标学为关注点,通过女权主义视角,我探讨了地图符号对人体的描述。我运用女权主义符号学分析方法,对38个玛基人图标进行分析,探讨了描绘、抽象或者抹去人体的问题。我分析了图标符号化,特别是人体形态的存在或不存在、具身化对象的存在或不存在、图标的标志性。我的女权主义分析,揭示了玛基人图标集的潜在沉默、默认和权力变化。我呼吁,制图人员要通过女权主义的视角,重新思考图标对人体的描绘,以及“通用”图标集的作用。做为这一努力的起点,我提供了一些设计的机遇。

Los cuerpos son difusos, fluidos y políticos ––y con frecuencia combinan formas de identidades entrecruzadas y empíricas––. No obstante, los cuerpos a menudo son excluidos de los mapas o, cuando se les incluye, quedan reducidos a puntos, líneas y polígonos. Enfocándome en la iconografía, exploro la representación de los cuerpos en la simbolización cartográfica, a través de la lenta feminista. Aplico un análisis semiótico feminista a treinta y ocho íconos Maki para problematizar los modos como los cuerpos son representados, abstraídos o borrados. Analizo la simbolización icónica, particularmente la presencia/ausencia de formas corpóreas, la presencia/ausencia de un objeto personificado, y la iconicidad de los íconos. Mi análisis feminista revela los silencios subyacentes, las opciones únicas y la dinámica del poder dentro del conjunto de íconos Maki. Convoco a los cartógrafos a repensar las representaciones de los cuerpos en íconos ––y con más amplitud el papel de los conjuntos de íconos “universales”–– a través de lentes feministas. Ofrezco oportunidades de diseño como punto de partida para tal cometido.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thank you to Kristen Loutensock, Robert E. Roth, and Stephen M. Kovaciny for reviewing previous versions of this paper. I also thank friends and colleagues in UW–Madison Cartography Lab for their continued inspiration and my writing group whose support got this paper out the door. Additionally, thank you to Deborah Dixon and the two anonymous reviewers for their time and thoughtful engagement. My arguments are stronger because of your input.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Meghan Kelly

MEGHAN KELLY (she/her/hers) is a Postdoctoral Scholar at the Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH. E-mail: [email protected]. She works at the intersections of mapping, feminist theory, and visual storytelling. More information can be found on her website: http://meghankelly-cartography.github.io.

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