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Articles

Globalization and gender segregation in Latin American labour markets

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Pages 9-26 | Received 11 Feb 2019, Accepted 08 Jul 2019, Published online: 05 Aug 2019
 

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses the impact of economic globalization on gender differences in Latin America’s labour market. It does so through the use of statistical estimations and specialized literature reviews that focus on five Latin American countries: Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico, and Nicaragua. We find that globalization did affect women's participation in the labour force. Although liberalization and globalization have been shown to reduce gender gaps in employment and economic participation, we find no evidence that Latin American women benefitted from the effects brought on by global, economic changes in the same proportion as men.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Kathryn Klaas for translating and editing the original manuscript.

Notes

1. Hirata, “Reestructuração produtiva, trabalho e relações de gênero,” 12.

2. These countries were selected due to the availability of comparable statistics. The statistics were requested through IPUMS (Integrated Public Use Microdata Series), which is coordinated by the Population Center of Minnesota University.

3. Maesso “La integración económica. Tendencias y nuevos desarrollos de la teoría económica”, 120.

4. The Asian financial crisis (also referred to as the International Monetary Fund crisis) began in 1997 with the devaluation of Thailand’s currency, and subsequent crises in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Taiwan, Hong Kong, and South Korea soon followed suit. When the effects of this crisis reached Latin America it became known as the first, great crisis of globalization.

5. Casanueva and Rodríguez “La calidad de las condiciones de trabajo y su relación con la educación, género, región y exposición a la globalización en México, 12.

6. Ocampo and Martin, “Globalización y desarrollo: una reflexión desde América Latina y el Caribe,” 117.

7. Klein and Tokman, “La estratificación social bajo tensión en la era de la globalización.”

8. Collier and Dollar, “Globalization, Growth, and Poverty,” 23.

9. Abramo, “Trabajo Decente y Equidad de Género en América Latina,” 19.

10. Abramo and Valenzuela, “Inserción laboral y brechas de equidad de género en América Latina,” 30.

11. OIT, “Panorama Laboral de América Latina 2001”; Thorin, “The Gender Dimension of Globalisation,” 17.

12. Abramo and Valenzuela, “Inserción laboral y brechas de equidad de género en América Latina,” 55.

13. Maurizio, “Enfoque de género en las instituciones laborales y las políticas del mercado de trabajo en América Latina,” 10; and Chant and Pedwell, “Women, Gender and the Informal Economy.”

14. Gaddis and Pieters, “The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization,” 462.

15. Dix-Carneiro and Kovak, “Trade Reform and Regional Dynamics.”

16. Gaddis and Pieters, “The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization,” 480.

17. Guzmán, Todaro, and Godoy, “Biografías de Género en Contextos de Cambio,” 5.

18. Ibid., 7–8.

19. Fernández Basignan, “Estudio Crítico de la Reforma Laboral Chilena,” 36.

20. Rendón and Salas, “La evolución del empleo,” 28.

21. Escoto, “Precariedad Laboral y Juvenil en El Salvador, 2003–2007,” 31.

22. Rubio and Valencia, “Regulación y Políticas Activas del Mercado de Trabajo y Esquemas y de Protección a Trabajadores y Desempleados,” 44.

23. Ibid.

24. Espinosa, “Perfil de género de la economía nicaragüense en el nuevo contexto de la apertura comercial,” 91.

25. Ibid; Prieto-Carrón, “Bringing Resistance to the Conceptual Centre.”

26. Ibid.

27. Alaniz, Espino, and Gindling, “Ingresando y avanzando,” 24.

28. It is important to keep in mind that we are analyzing two countries that display gender-based occupational segregation.

29. The data presented for each country does not always refer to the same year because of differences in the data available for each country. We selected the year that most accurately depicts the average tendency for each country over the last 18 years of the 21st century.

30. Ibañez and Naroki, “Mujeres en mundos de hombres,” 3.

31. Anker, “Gender and Jobs,” 117.

32. Carrasco, Borderías, and Torns, “El trabajo de cuidados. Historia, teoría y políticas,” 65.

33. Female and child labour may not be fully visible in official statistics. The information available about this phenomenon is likely to vary by country because most countries use different surveys to study labor conditions.

34. Kreimer, “Labor Market Segregation and the Gender-Based Division of Labor.”

35. CEPAL, Panorama social de América Latina 2018, 22.

36. De la O and Guadarrama, “Género, proceso de trabajo y flexibilidad laboral en América Latina. Teorías sociales y estudios del trabajo: nuevos enfoques,” 208.

37. Beneria, Berik, and Floro, “Gender, Development and Globalization,” 64.

38. Pacheco and Blanco, “Tres ejes de análisis en la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en los estudios sociodemográficos sobre el trabajo urbano en México,” 80.

39. Ibid. 66, See Benería and Roldan cited by Benería, Berik and Floro.

40. Perrons, “Globalization and Social,” 72.

41. Dunaway, “Gendered Commodity Chains,” 100.

42. Pacheco and Blanco, “Tres ejes de análisis en la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en los estudios sociodemográficos sobre el trabajo urbano en México,” 72.

43. See the pioneering work by Sylivia Chant and Nikki Craske (2003) on gender construction in Latin America as well as their contributions on the specific effects that political and social changes have had on men and women. And see Brigida Garcia and Orlandina de Oliveira’s pioneering work on gender construction in Mexico, 54.

44. See the numerous studies carried out by the CEPAL, the ILO, the Centro de Estudios de la Mujer and ISIS Internacional in Chile, and ASEPROLA in Guatemala.

45. De la O, “Y por eso se llaman maquilas. La configuración de las relaciones laborales en la modernización”; “Flexibilidad, trabajo y mujeres: ausencia y presencia en los estudios del trabajo en México”; Fernández-Pacheco, “Enhebrando el hilo: mujeres trabajadoras de la maquila en América Central”; Pérez, “De la finca a la maquila. Modernización capitalista y trabajo en Centroamérica”; Trejos, “La organización del trabajo: el concepto y su movimiento”; Zuñiga, “Cambio tecnológico y nuevas configuraciones del trabajo de las mujeres.”

46. Arango, “Género, globalización y desarrollo.”

47. Canales, “Flexibilidad laboral y feminización del empleo en el agro chileno. Un caso (más) de desarrollo sin equidad”; Díaz, “Nuevas tendencias de la industria en América latina. Cadenas productivas, PYME y especialización flexible.”

48. Deschamps and Hernández, “México: el contenido de trabajo de las importaciones y exportaciones. El caso de las zonas de libre comercio con América del Norte y la Unión Europea.”

49. Van Staveren, “Gender Indicators for Monitoring Trade Agreements.”

50. Zamora, Vásquez, and Espino, “Comercio y Género. Avances en el proceso de incorporación del enfoque de género en operaciones de comercio.”

51. Thorin, “The Gender Dimension,” 35.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

María Eugenia de la O

María Eugenia de la O is a researcher at the Center for Research and Higher Studies in Social Anthropology (CIESAS). She obtained her PHD at El Colegio de México in Sociology and has undertaken several studies on gender and work. She has numerous publications on women in global industries and labor relations in Mexico.

Maria Edith Pacheco

Maria Edith Pacheco is a researcher at El Colegio de México, where she obtained her PHD in Population Studies. She has extensive experience in research on the labor market and gender relations, and numerous publications in the field of occupational demography.

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