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Extractivism, Populism, and Authoritarianism

Bringing Back the Mines and a Way of Life: Populism and the Politics of Extraction

Pages 371-381 | Received 01 Nov 2017, Accepted 01 Jul 2018, Published online: 20 Dec 2018
 

Abstract

Conflicts over resource extraction are key political issues in the contemporary United States and are a mobilizing issue for right-wing populism exemplified by President Donald Trump’s claims of ending the “war on coal.” Through a political ecology framework attentive to culture, discourse, and history, I examine how mining is symbolic of broader cultural, geographic, and class divides. Mining is mobilized in extractive populism through rhetoric of giving power back to the people, insiders versus outsiders, resource nationalism, and cutting burdensome government regulations. I study the emblematic case of the rural Iron Range mining region in northern Minnesota and the recent rightward swing in this historically Democratic stronghold, which I argue is intertwined with the micropolitics of struggles over proposed copper mines. Through ethnographic observations and interviews with local community and political leaders, workers, and residents, I find that support for mining among white, working-class, and rural residents is made meaningful through nostalgia for preserving mining as a way of life and anger at outsiders disrupting their livelihoods and extractive moral economy. These discourses resonated with the populist, nationalist, and racist rhetoric of Trump’s campaign. I argue that place-based and class identities and social imaginaries linked to mining are an important dynamic in emergent authoritarian populism and for understanding what motivates reactionary political movements and why populist politicians use mining to construct authenticity. Key Words: class, discourse, political ecology, populism, resource extraction.

有关资源搾取的冲突,是美国当代的关键政治议题, 并且是右翼民粹主义的动员议题,并由唐纳德.特朗普总统宣称终结“煤炭战争”为代表例子 。我通过关注文化、论述与历史的政治生态架构,检视矿业如何作为更为广泛的文化、地理与阶级划分之象徵。矿业在搾取式民粹主义中,通过还权于民、内部人与外部人的对立、资源国族主义,以及减少繁重的政府规范之修辞进行动员。我研究明尼苏达北部乡村的铁矿山脉矿业区的象徵性案例,以及此一历史上为民主党的版图在晚近的政治右转,我主张其与所提出的铜矿之微政治斗争相互交织。我通过民族志观察,以及对地方社群和政治领导者、工人与居民的访谈,发现白人工人阶级与农村居民对矿业的支持,通过保存矿业作为生活方式的怀旧,以及对外地人破坏其生计和对搾取式道德经济的愤怒来製造意义。这些论述与特朗普所宣传的民粹主义、国族主义和种族主义修辞相互呼应。我主张,根据地方及阶级的身份认同,以及连结至矿业的社会想像,是对于浮现中的威权民粹主义、以及理解什麽驱动反动式政治运动和为何民粹主义政客能够运用矿业来建构本真性的重要动态。 关键词:阶级,论述,政治生态学,民粹主义,资源搾取。

Los conflictos asociados con la extracción de recursos son asuntos políticos claves en los Estados Unidos contemporáneos y constituyen un tema movilizador para el populismo de derecha, cuyo ejemplo es el clamor del Presidente Donald Trump de terminar “la guerra del carbón”. A través de un marco de ecología política atento a la cultura, el discurso y la historia, examino cómo la minería es simbólica de las más amplias divisorias culturales, geográficas y de clase. La minería es movilizada en el populismo extractivo por medio de retóricas como devolver el poder al pueblo, nacionales contra extranjeros, nacionalismo de los recursos y la supresión de molestas regulaciones gubernamentales. Estudio el caso rural emblemático de la región minera de la Iron Range en el norte de Minnesota y el reciente giro a la derecha de este bastión históricamente Demócrata, lo que a mi parecer está entrelazado con la micropolítica de las luchas sobre propuestas relacionadas con minas de cobre. Por medio de observaciones etnográficas y entrevistas en la comunidad local y con líderes políticos, obreros y residentes, encuentro que el apoyo a la minería entre los blancos, la clase trabajadora y los residentes rurales se hace significativo a través de la nostalgia por preservar la minería como un medio de vida, y por la ira contra los foráneos que perturban su sustento y la economía moral extractiva. Estos discursos resonaron en la campaña populista, nacionalista y de retórica racista de Trump. Yo argumento que las identidades basadas en lugar y clase, lo mismo que los imaginarios relacionados con la minería, son una dinámica importante en el emergente populismo autoritario y sirve para entender lo que motiva los movimientos políticos reaccionarios y por qué los políticos populistas usan la minería para construir autenticidad. Palabras clave: clase, discurso, ecología política, extracción de recursos, populismo.

Notes

1 Data from Office of Minnesota Secretary of State, 2016 General Election Results by Precinct for precincts 6A and 6B, which include Hibbing and Virginia, Minnesota. http://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/Results/FedStatebyLEGDistrict/100?districtid=366

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Erik Kojola

ERIK KOJOLA is a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Environmental Studies Department at Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests are in labor–environment relationships, the politics of resource extraction, and political ecology.

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