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Environment as Political Proxy and Arena for Security and Citizenship

Electricity-Centered Clientelism and the Contradictions of Private Solar Microgrids in India

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Pages 465-475 | Received 01 Dec 2017, Accepted 01 Aug 2018, Published online: 13 Feb 2019
 

Abstract

Most discussions about solar microgrids focus on sustainable energy and development goals and the technical aspects of electricity generation, storage, transmission, and distribution. Very few explicitly examine the ways in which their introduction upsets and reshapes entrenched practices of electoral politics and citizen claim-making around electricity access and development. In India, as in many parts of the world, electricity represents the most visible symbol of economic development and social well-being. Democratic politics in many developing countries are linked to demands for access to electricity. The meshing of electricity, development, and democratic politics in postindependence India has produced a politics of clientelism in which parties have sought to gain voter support with promises of cheap or free electricity. Although this electricity-centered clientelism has expanded supply, it has simultaneously contributed to skewed spatial access, unreliable supply, and high debt burdens for state-owned electricity distribution companies. This article examines histories of clientelism and the contradictions emerging from the introduction of private solar microgrids in rural areas of the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It shows that although solar microgrids avoid electricity-centered clientelism, significant numbers of poor rural households in their supply areas are both excluded by their user-pays approach and unable to demand fair access through political representatives. The study calls for alternative governance and support programs at local levels that ensure that private solar microgrids can deliver reliable electricity to poor households. Key Words: clientelism, electricity, India, populism, solar microgrids.

太阳能微电网的相关讨论,多半聚焦可持续能源与发展目标,以及电力生产、储存、传送与分配的技术层面。鲜少有讨论明确检视引进太阳能微电网,如何扰乱并重塑围绕着电力取得与发展的选举政治的长期运作和民众要求。如同在世界上诸多地方一般,在印度,电力是经济发展和社会福祉最显而易见的象徵。在诸多开发中国家,民主政治被连结至取得电力的要求。独立后的印度中,电力、发展和民主政治的结合,生产出侍从主义政治,其中政党通过承诺廉价或免费的电力来寻求选民的支持。尽管此一以电力为核心的侍从主义扩张了供给,但却同时导致偏斜的空间取得管道、不可靠的供给、以及国有电力分配公司的高额债务负担。本文检视侍从主义的历史,以及在北印度的北方邦偏远地区引入私有太阳能微电网所引发的矛盾。本文显示,尽管太阳能微电网避免了以电力为核心的侍从主义,但在其所供电的区域中,为数众多的贫穷偏远家户却被排除在使用者付费的方案之外,同时无法通过代议政治来要求公平的取得管道。本研究呼吁确保私人太阳能微电网能够将电力确实传送至贫困家户的另类治理和地方层级的支援计画。 关键词:侍从主义,电力,印度,民粹主义,太阳能微电网。

La mayoría de las discusiones sobre microrredes solares se enfocan en energía sustentable y metas de desarrollo, y sobre los aspectos técnicos de la generación, almacenamiento, trasmisión y distribución de electricidad. Solo en contados casos se examinan explícitamente los modos como su introducción molesta y reconfigura prácticas arraigadas de la política electoral y la elaboración de reclamos ciudadanos en torno al acceso y desarrollo de la electricidad. Como ocurre en muchas partes del mundo, en la India la electricidad representa el símbolo más visible del desarrollo económico y el bienestar social. En muchos países en desarrollo las políticas democráticas van de la mano con el clamor por acceso a electricidad. Después de la independencia, la estrecha relación de la electricidad, el desarrollo y la política democrática ha dado lugar en la India a una política de clientelismo en la que los partidos buscan ganar el apoyo del voto con promesas de electricidad barata o gratis. Aunque este clientelismo centrado en electricidad ha expandido la oferta, simultáneamente ha contribuido al acceso espacial sesgado, suministro inseguro y al peso del alto endeudamiento de las compañías de distribución de electricidad de propiedad estatal. Este artículo examina historias de clientelismo y las contradicciones que surgen de la introducción de microrredes solares privadas en las áreas rurales del norte del estado indio de Uttar Pradesh. El artículo muestra cómo, aunque las microrredes solares contrarrestan el clientelismo centrado en la electricidad, un número significativo de hogares rurales pobres en sus áreas de suministro quedan excluidos por su estilo de suscripción a la vez que se imposibilitan para demandar un acceso justo a través de representantes políticos. El estudio propende por una gobernanza alternativa y programas de apoyo a nivel local para asegurar que las microrredes solares puedan proporcionar electricidad confiable a los hogares pobres.

Acknowledgments

We thank Haripriya Rangan for her critical feedback on drafts of this article and Alessandro Antonello, Amanda Gilbertson, Amy Piedalue, Pawan Singh, and Shikha Lakhanpal for their insightful suggestions. We are grateful for the time willingly and generously given by interviewees working in the electricity and microgrid sector in India.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jonathan N. Balls

JONATHAN N. BALLS is a Postdoctoral Scholar at the School of Geography, University of Melbourne, and New Generation Network (NGN) Fellow at the Australia India Institute, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on energy geographies, bottom of the pyramid capitalism, and frugal innovation.

Harry W. Fischer

HARRY W. FISCHER is an Associate Senior Lecturer at the Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, and New Generation Network (NGN) Fellow at the Australia India Institute, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. His research looks at democratic decentralization, environmental governance, and rural development in India.

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