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Extractivism, Populism, and Authoritarianism

U.S. Farm Policy as Fraught Populism: Tracing the Scalar Tensions of Nationalist Agricultural Governance

Pages 395-411 | Received 01 Jan 2018, Accepted 01 Oct 2018, Published online: 22 Feb 2019
 

Abstract

The scalar tensions of nationalism manifest acutely in agriculture—particularly in the contemporary United States. This is paradoxical because farm policy calls for and enacts nativist governance that undermines the conditions of farming: from labor to water, topsoil, and pollinators, to export markets. At the heart of these scalar contradictions is the fraught, shifting terrain of agrarian populism. The intertwined origin of the U.S. Farm Bill, the American Farm Bureau Federation, and Cooperative Agricultural Extension shows how early twentieth-century fraught agrarian populism drove farm policy but how it also carried a pivotal consensus of recognition about the ecological and economic dangers of overproduction. Drawing on archival research at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Agricultural Library Special Collections, discourse and policy analysis of U.S. Farm Bills, and qualitative research with farmer organizations, this article traces how racialized xenophobia accentuates the hypocrisy of U.S. agriculture’s extreme dependency on migrant labor, as heightened borders also reveal their ecological farce in the face of intrinsically transnational climate change, soil erosion, and water constraints. The America First trade agenda decries imports while sidelining the crisis of commodity crop glut and the spatial fix of subsidizing exports as surplus disposal. Yet, even amidst the scalar contradictions of nativist agricultural governance and the fraught farm populism driving it, there existed a kernel of agrarian populism grounded in a collective honest recognition of the ecological, economic, rural, and social crises of overproduction—and that organized against it. This kernel catalyzed the origin of both the Farm Bill and the Farm Bureau but has been subsumed in and through both since.

国族主义的尺度争议,尖锐地展现在农业上——特别是在当代的美国。其矛盾之处在于,农田政策召唤并执行有损农业环境的本土治理:从劳动、水、表土、受花粉器到出口市场。位于这些尺度冲突核心的,便是令人担忧且不断转变的农业民粹主义领域。美国农田法案、美国农业事务联合会,以及农业合作推广的纠缠起源,显示二十世纪早期令人担忧的农业民粹主义如何驱动农田政策,但同时传达承认生产过剩的生态与经济危险之关键共识。本文运用美国农业部(USDA)国家农业图书馆特别收藏的档案研究,针对美国农田法案的论述与政策分析,以及对农民组织的质性研究,追溯种族化的仇外心理如何处于美国农业对移工的极度依赖之虚伪核心,而强化的边境亦揭露其面对本质上是跨国的气候变迁、土壤侵蚀与水资源限制时的生态闹剧。“美国优先”的贸易议程,在责难进口的同时,却旁观商品作物的过度供应危机,以及补贴出口作为处置生产过剩的空间修补。但即便在本土农业治理的尺度冲突和驱动该治理的令人担忧的农田民粹主义中,仍存在根植于对过度生产的生态、经济、农村与社会危机的诚实集体认识——以及组织进行反对的农业民粹主义核心。此一核心催生了农田法案与农业事务联合会,却也从此被纳入其中。

Las tensiones escalares del nacionalismo—en particular, en los Estados Unidos contemporáneos—se manifiestan agudamente en la agricultura. Tal situación es paradójica por cuanto la política del campo requiere y promulga una gobernanza vernácula que socava las condiciones de la agricultura: desde el trabajo, al agua, el mantillo del suelo y los polinizadores, hasta los mercados de exportación. En la médula de estas contradicciones escalares está el tenso y cambiante terreno del populismo agrario. El entrelazado origen del proyecto de la Ley Agrícola de los EE.UU., la Agencia de la Federación Agraria Americana y la Cooperativa de la Extensión Agrícola, muestra el modo como el inquieto populismo agrario de principios del siglo XX manejó la política agrícola, así como también adelantó un consenso crucial de reconocimiento de los peligros ecológicos y económicos de la superproducción. Con base en investigación de archivos en las Colecciones Especiales de la Biblioteca Agrícola Nacional del Departamento de Agricultura (USDA), en el discurso y análisis político de los proyectos de Leyes Agrarias de los EE.UU., e investigación cualitativa con las organizaciones de agricultores, este artículo rastrea el modo como la xenofobia racializada acentúa la hipocresía acerca de la dependencia extrema de la agricultura americana en el trabajo migratorio, en la medida en que fronteras de sensibilidad exacerbada revelan también su farsa ecológica frente a un cambio climático intrínsecamente transnacional, la erosión del suelo y los limitantes hídricos. La agenda comercial de América Primero condena las importaciones mientras deja de lado la crisis de superabundancia en las mercaderías de cosechas y el amaño espacial de subsidiar las exportaciones para disponer de los excedentes. Con todo, incluso en medio de las contradicciones escalares de la gobernanza agrícola vernácula y el tenso populismo agrario que la orienta, se dio una simiente de populismo agrario fundamentado en el reconocimiento colectivo honesto de las crisis ecológica, económica, rural y social generadas por la superproducción—el que organizaron como respuesta al problema. Esta simiente catalizó el origen tanto del proyecto de Ley Agrícola como de la Agencia Agraria, aunque ha sido subsumida por las dos desde entonces.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful for the contributions of Kathy Ozer (rest in peace), Brad Wilson, Adam Diamond, Veronica Limeberry, Hoppy Henton, National Family Farm Coalition, Rural Coalition, Paul Lovelace, and the USDA NAL librarians. All errors are mine.

Notes

Notes

1 Using NVivo coding software, my research assistant Veronica Limeberry and I analyzed eighteen state-level Farm Bureau policy agendas, twenty-two federal AFBF policy agenda items and meeting transcripts, four 2017 USDA Farm Bill Field Hearing video transcripts, USDA Farm Bill social media campaigns, and 2017 Farm Bill Congressional hearings. Additionally, in the fall and winter of 2017, I conducted seven key informant interviews (by phone and in person) with executive policy directors of the AFBF and four states, as well as with the AFBF communications director and membership executive.

2 The AAA soil conservation programs invoked the national security of strong federal government, but they were multiscalar efforts that had a strong regional dimension (Gilbert Citation2015).

3 Between 1991 and 2015, commodity program payments to farms with at least $1 million in gross cash farm income (GCFI) jumped from 11 percent to 34 percent, whereas payments to small operations (with less than $350,000 in GCFI) fell from 61.3 percent to 30.2 percent (McFadden and Hoppe Citation2017, 24). Working land conservation program payments such as the Environmental Quality Incentives Program shifted from smaller operations in 2006 to 2015 toward midsize and now larger operations.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Garrett Graddy-Lovelace

GARRETT GRADDY-LOVELACE is Assistant Professor in the Global Environmental Politics program at American University's School of International Service, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016. E-mail: [email protected]. Drawing on geography, political ecology, and decolonial theory, she researches and teaches agricultural policy, agricultural biodiversity, agrarian politics, and food and farm justice.

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