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Abstract
Hägerstrand proposed that individuals’ daily mobility is constrained to a particular time–space path by capability, coupling, and authority requirements. This tethering of routine activities to particular places at scheduled times facilitates repetitive bundling of individuals at certain nodes. Associations emerging from repeated, cursory encounters between individuals have been coined familiar strangers. “Familiar strangers” is a unique social phenomenon that emerges where individuals experience repeated visual encounters but never verbally interact. Scholarship suggests that increased familiarity among individuals might incur social benefits at places by reducing individual anonymity and enhancing the moral obligation to obey behavioral norms, which in turn could have a crime protection effect. In this study we spatially and temporally integrate a large smart card data set with a database of crime incidents along with census information to examine the relationship between bus stops with varying concentrations of familiar strangers and the occurrence of three crime types (theft, drug, and nuisance offenses). The findings demonstrate the potential for familiar strangers to provide crime guardianship at bus stops and also highlight the influence of surrounding land use and neighborhood sociodemographic environment on crime risk.
哈格斯特朗认为, 能力、耦合和权威将个人的日常活动局限在特定时空路线。这些按计划、局限在特定位置的日常行为, 将个人反复地捆绑在某个位置。这种重复而简单的人与人相遇的关系, 被称作“熟悉的陌生人”。熟悉的陌生人是一种独特的社会现象, 源自重复的视觉相遇、但从未有语言交流的个人经历。研究发现, 人与人之间越熟悉, 越可能带来位置上的社会效益, 可以减少匿名性、增强遵从行为规范的道德责任, 从而可能防止犯罪。本文在空间和时间上对智能卡大数据、犯罪事件数据库和人口统计信息进行了综合, 探讨了在熟悉陌生人的不同聚集程度下, 汽车站与三种犯罪（偷窃, 毒品和骚扰）的关系。结果显示, 熟悉陌生人可能在汽车站防止犯罪, 还强调了周边的土地利用和社区的社会人口环境对犯罪风险的影响。
Hägerstrand propuso que la movilidad diaria de un individuo está obligada a seguir una ruta de espacio–tiempo según requisitos de capacidad, acoplamiento y autoridad. Esta atadura de las actividades rutinarias a lugares particulares en tiempos programados facilita el agrupamiento repetitivo de individuos en ciertos nodos. Las asociaciones que surgen de encuentros repetidos rápidos entre individuos han sido acuñadas en la expresión extraños familiares. Los “extraños familiares” es un fenómeno social único que aparece donde los individuos experimentan encuentros visuales repetidos sin que nunca interactúen verbalmente. La erudición sugiere que la familiaridad aumentada entre individuos podría provocar beneficios sociales en lugares reduciendo el anonimato individual y fortaleciendo la obligación moral de obedecer normas de conducta, lo que a su vez podría tener un efecto de protección contra el crimen. En este estudio integramos espacial y temporalmente un gran conjunto de datos de tarjetas inteligentes con una base de datos de incidentes criminales, junto con información censal, para examinar la relación entre paradas de bus con variables concentraciones de extraños familiares y la ocurrencia de tres tipos de crimen (hurto, drogas, y ofensas por acoso). Los descubrimientos demuestran el potencial de los extraños familiares para proveer protección anticriminal en las paradas de bus y también destacar la influencia del uso del suelo circundante y el ambiente sociodemográfico vecinal sobre riesgo criminal.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Translink for supporting this research and providing the data.
Notes
1 The Translink data were sourced from Translink and are used here under strict data sharing protocols. The data are not available publicly.
2 The study period included one working week and both the preceding and following weekends.
3 Given the highly skewed nature of the data set and the large number of transit stations that experienced zero crime, we estimated multilevel logistic regression models with robust standard errors as a sensitivity test. The results of the nested logistic regression models are available in the online appendix. Although some of the relationships fail to reach statistical significance, all relationships in logistic regression models are in the same direction as those presented in the negative binominal regression models.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Renee Zahnow
RENEE ZAHNOW is a Lecturer in Criminology at the School of Social Sciences at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. She has expertise in spatial and longitudinal analyses and has applied these skills to examine a range of social problems including crime, disorder, substance use, and community regulation. Her research focuses on place-based patterns of crime and victimization. She is particularly interested in understanding the link between the regularities of daily human mobility, social and behavioral norms, and the propensity for crime and deviance.
Min Zhang
MIN ZHANG is a Research Assistant at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. Her primary research interests are in using quantitative methods, such as geographic information systems, big data mining and modeling, and econometrics to study issues in urban and transportation planning. These issues cover value capture, transport behavior analysis, and urban mobility.
Jonathan Corcoran
JONATHAN CORCORAN is Professor in Human Geography within the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at The University of Queensland, Australia, and the director of the Queensland Centre for Population Research, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests lie in the fields of population geography, spatial science, and regional science. His publications cover topics including human mobility and migration, human capital, and social problems, each of which has a focus on quantitative methods.