482
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Physical Geography and the Anthropocene

Identifying a Pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California

Pages 784-794 | Received 01 Dec 2019, Accepted 25 Aug 2020, Published online: 28 Jan 2021
 

Abstract

The beginning of the Anthropocene, a proposed geological epoch denoting human-caused changes to Earth’s systems, and what metrics signify its onset is currently under debate. Proposed initiation points range from the beginning of the Atomic Age to the Industrial Revolution to the adoption of agriculture in the early Holocene. Most of the debate centers on the effects of modern industrially oriented technological and economic development. The effects of preindustrial and preagricultural populations on Earth’s systems are less commonly evaluated. Because the utility of the Anthropocene concept is to denote measurable impacts of human activity on Earth’s systems, we argue that focusing on an exact date or single event ignores time-transgressive, spatially variable processes of anthropogenic ecosystem engineering. We argue instead for a flexible, anthropologically and ecologically informed conceptualization of the Anthropocene—one that recognizes spatial, temporal, and scalar variability in the effects of humans on Earth systems. We present evidence in support of an ecologically informed pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California using a meta-analysis of sedimentological, palynological, and archaeological data sets from California mountains. We argue that use of fire for resource management by pre-Columbian populations was sufficiently frequent and extensive enough to result in widescale anthropogenic modification of California’s biota and that an Anthropocene therefore began in California by at least 650 years ago, centuries before the arrival of Europeans. Recognizing a pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California constructively conceptualizes a marker for human economic–ecological intensification processes that could be more meaningful for policy, resource management, and research than focusing on any single historical event.

人类世被认为是一个地质时代, 表明了人类对地球系统的改变。但是, 人类世的起点、人类世起点的指标, 仍然存在争议。目前提出的人类世起点, 包括原子时代、工业革命, 直到全新世早期的农业时期。争论的焦点, 大多集中在以工业为导向的现代技术和经济发展的影响上。前工业人口和前农业人口对地球系统的影响, 鲜有研究。由于人类世概念的作用是表达人类对地球系统的可度量影响, 我们认为, 对某个时间或单个事件的关注, 往往会忽略人类生态系统工程是超越时间的、在空间上有差异的过程。相反, 我们主张灵活地对人类世进行人类学和生态学上的概念化, 即承认人类对地球系统的影响存在着空间、时间和尺度上的差异性。通过对美国加利福尼亚山脉的沉积学、孢粉学和考古学的数据分析, 本文提供了加利福尼亚州前哥伦布时期的生态型人类世的证据。本文认为, 前哥伦布人利用火进行资源管理的频率和广度, 足以导致对加利福尼亚生物群的大规模人为改造, 人类世至少在650年前(欧洲人到来之前几个世纪)就在加利福尼亚州开始了。认识到加利福尼亚州的前哥伦布人类世, 可以建设性的理解人类经济生态强化过程;与专注某单一历史事件相比, 它对政策、资源管理和研究更有意义。

El comienzo del Antropoceno, una época geológica propuesta para denotar los cambios de origen humano en los sistemas de la Tierra, y las métricas que su advenimiento puede implicar, se encuentran actualmente en debate académico. Los puntos de iniciación que se han propuesto varían desde el comienzo de la Edad Atómica o la Revolución Industrial, hasta la adopción de la agricultura a principios del Holoceno. La mayor parte del debate se centra sobre los efectos del desarrollo tecnológico y económico moderno orientado industrialmente. Los efectos de poblaciones preindustriales y preagrícolas sobre los sistemas de la Tierra son generalmente menos considerados en estas discusiones. Debido a que la utilidad del concepto del Antropoceno es detectar impactos medibles de la actividad humana sobre los sistemas terrestres, argüimos que el centrarnos en una fecha exacta o en un evento sencillo ignora los procesos espacialmente variables de tiempo transgresivo de la ingeniería antropogénica ecosistémica. En sustitución, abogamos por una conceptualización flexible, antropológica y ecológicamente informada del Antropoceno––una que reconozca la variabilidad espacial, temporal y escalar de las influencias humanas sobre los sistemas terrestres. Presentamos evidencia en apoyo de un Antropoceno precolombino ecológicamente informado de California, usando un meta-análisis de conjuntos de datos sedimentológicos, palinológicos y arqueológicos en las montañas de California. Sostenemos que el uso del fuego para manejo de recursos por poblaciones precolombinas fue lo suficientemente frecuente y extendido para resultar en la modificación antropogénica a gran escala de la biota californiana y que, por lo tanto, el Antropoceno empezó en California por lo menos hace 650 años, siglos antes del arribo de los europeos. Reconocer constructivamente un Antropoceno precolombino en California conceptualiza un marcador de los procesos de intensificación económico–ecológicos humanos que podría ser mucho más significativo para las políticas públicas, el manejo de los recursos y la investigación que enfocarnos en un evento histórico individualizado.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF GSS 0964261, “Did Native Americans Significantly Alter Forest Structure in California? A Paleoecological Reconstruction of Vegetation and Fire History from Two Different Ecosystems,” and NSF GSS 1740918, “Fire, Vegetation Change, and Human Settlement”).

Notes on contributors

Anna Klimaszewski-Patterson

ANNA KLIMASZEWSKI-PATTERSON is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include reconstructing past environments and visualizing spatial processes through models and augmented or virtual reality.

Christopher T. Morgan

CHRISTOPHER T. MORGAN is an Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include the archaeology of hunter-gatherer adaptations to climate change and the evolution of human socioeconomic systems.

Scott Mensing

SCOTT MENSING is Gibson Professor of Geography and Foundation Professor in the Department of Geography at University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include reconstruction of past environments and the impact preindustrial societies have had in shaping ecology.

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 312.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.