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Bringing in the State

Disrupting Infrastructures of Colonial Hydro-Modernity: Lepcha and Dakelh Struggles against Temporal and Territorial Displacements

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Pages 789-798 | Received 07 Dec 2020, Accepted 18 Jul 2021, Published online: 10 Dec 2021
 

Abstract

To be Indigenous within the modern nation-state is to live with a profound sense of territorial and temporal displacement. Colonial legal regimes situate indigeneity as a condition of temporal stasis, perpetuating the logic of territorial dispossession and erasure. Drawing on research in India and Canada, we focus on Indigenous experiences to theorize the relationship between colonial legal regimes, territory, temporality, and infrastructure. In the Indigenous territories of the Lepchas in the Indian Himalaya and the Dakelh in British Columbia, Canada, hydropower infrastructure effected displacements of Indigenous space-times and sovereignty. Although Indigenous peoples continue to assert legal claims challenging these massive infrastructural projects, colonial legal regimes normalize the often violent imposition of the space-times of state and capitalist development. The Dakelh have challenged the enduring impacts of a 1950s river diversion project; however, Canadian courts legitimized historic displacements, delimiting constitutional protections to current existing Dakelh rights. For the Lepchas, a recent infrastructural boom in the Indian Himalaya is threatening special constitutional provisions upholding tribal customary laws, raising concern among younger Lepchas over the future of their ancestral lands. Despite these threats, we demonstrate how Lepcha and Dakelh relations to time and territory exceed colonial containments. They call into question how the colonial present normalizes historic and ongoing displacements and demand responsibility for the past to craft alternative futures.

在现代化国家中, 做土著人意味着生活中处处能感受到领土和时间的迁移。殖民法制将土著化做为时间静止的条件, 对领土剥夺和抹杀的逻辑进行永久化。根据在印度和加拿大开展的研究, 我们重点关注土著人的经历, 并将殖民法制、领土、时间性和基础设施之间的关系进行了理论化。在印度喜马拉雅山脉的Lepchas和加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的Dakelh土著领地, 水电基础设施影响了土著时空和主权的迁移。尽管土著人继续持有挑战这些大规模基础设施项目的法律主张, 但殖民法制往往采用暴力手段对国家和资本主义开发的时空后果进行正常化。Dakelh挑战了1950年代河流改道工程的持久影响。然而, 加拿大法院将历史迁移合法化, 把宪法保护范畴限定为现有Dakelh权利。在Lepchas, 近来印度喜马拉雅地区基础设施的繁荣, 威胁了维护部落习俗法的特殊宪法条款, 引起Lepchas年轻人对祖传土地的未来的担忧。尽管存在着这些威胁, 我们展示了Lepchas和Dakelh与时间和领土的关系如何超越了殖民地的限制。它们质疑了殖民地现状如何将历史的、持续的迁移正常化, 并要求对过去负责、塑造不同的未来。

Ser indígena en un moderno estado-nación es vivir con un profundo sentido de desplazamiento territorial y temporal. Los regímenes legales coloniales sitúan la indigeneidad como una condición de estancamiento temporal, que perpetúa la lógica de la desposesión y el borrado territoriales. A partir de investigaciones realizadas en la India y Canadá, centramos nuestra atención en experiencias indígenas para teorizar la relación entre los regímenes legales coloniales, el territorio, la temporalidad y la infraestructura. En los territorios indígenas de los lepchas, en los Himalayas indios, y los dakelh, en la Columbia Británica, Canadá, la infraestructura de la energía hidroeléctrica determinó los desplazamientos del espacio–tiempo y la soberanía de los indígenas. Si bien los pueblos indígenas siguen firmes en sus reclamaciones legales contra estos enormes proyectos infraestructurales, los regímenes jurídicos coloniales normalizan la imposición, a menudo violenta, de los espacios–tiempos del desarrollo estatal y capitalista. Los dakelh han cuestionado las repercusiones duraderas de un proyecto de los años 1950 para desviar un río; sin embargo, los tribunales canadienses legitimaron los desplazamientos históricos, delimitando las protecciones constitucionales a los derechos que se les reconocen a los dakelh en la actualidad. En cuanto a los lepchas, el auge reciente de las infraestructuras en los Himalayas indios está amenazando las disposiciones constitucionales especiales que reivindican la legislación consuetudinaria tribal, lo cual hace que los lepchas más jóvenes muestren su preocupación por el futuro de sus tierras ancestrales. A pesar de estas amenazas, demostramos cómo las relaciones de los lepchas y los dakelh con el tiempo y el territorio superan las contenciones coloniales. Ellos ponen en tela de juicio el modo como el presente colonial normaliza los desplazamientos históricos y contemporáneos, y demandan responsabilidad por lo pasado para elaborar futuros alternativos.

Acknowledgments

We thank Jenny Bentley and Caitlin Jones for providing the maps to accompany the article.

Notes

1 Since the late 1990s, in response to both institutional interventions and global Indigenous movements, there has been a growing self-identification as Indigenous among certain Scheduled Tribe groups; that is, constitutionally recognized tribes. In India, the recognized constitutional category for tribal groups is Scheduled Tribe (ST), constituting 8.6 percent of the total population. It is important to note the term tribal, although archaic, is widely used in the Indian context (Xaxa Citation2021).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Mabel Denzin Gergan

MABEL DENZIN GERGAN is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Asian Studies at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37206. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research focuses on environmental justice, Indigenous youth activism, tribal and Indigenous theorization, and race and ethnicity in South Asia.

Tyler McCreary

TYLER McCREARY is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306. He is also affiliated as an Adjunct Professor in the Department of First Nations Studies at the University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on how settler colonialism and racial capitalism inflect environmental, labor, and community governance processes in North America.

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