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Urbanization and Infrastructures

Subterranean Displacements and Replacements in Singapore: Politics, Materialities, and Mentalities

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Pages 763-771 | Received 30 Nov 2020, Accepted 22 Oct 2021, Published online: 25 Jan 2022
 

Abstract

Geographical writings on displacement have highlighted how processes of dispossession are instrumental in rupturing the connection between peoples and place or territory. These studies, however, tend to privilege horizontal and surface-level inquiries, thereby neglecting the ways in which the volumetric and subterranean matter to the analytical sites and lived scales of displacement. Using the case of Singapore, where underground spaces have been championed by the Urban Redevelopment Authority as the new frontier for the land-scarce city-state, we go beyond a human-centric focus to call for attention to the materialities and mentalities (and their associated politics) that are caught up in acts of displacement. In so doing, we not only tease out the surface–subsurface relations and interactions that are closely bounded up with displacements but also illuminate how instances of displacement subsequently map onto practices of replacement. Crucially, although the city-state’s underground plans are in part meant to reduce its ecological footprint emerging from land reclamation, they ironically lead to further environmental degradation given the replacement of materials from subterranean excavations into offshore marine sites. Furthermore, with the large-scale nature of this project, the Singaporean state elites have spared no efforts in displacing prevailing mentalities about the health and safety risks of a subterranean way of life and replacing public confidence and belief in the sociotechnical expertise necessary for going underground. Displacement, as such, should not only signal eviction, expulsion, and exclusion; it can also comprise different forms of replacement designed to secure resilient urban futures.

有关迁移的地理学著作, 强调了掠夺过程如何破坏人与地方(或领土)之间的纽带。然而, 这些研究主要考虑平面和地表, 忽略了三维和地下对解析场地和迁移尺度的影响。以新加坡为例, 城市重建局将地下空间做为土地短缺城市国家的新领域。我们超越了以人为本的出发点, 呼吁人们关注迁移行为中的物质性和精神性(及其有关的政治)。由此, 我们不仅梳理出与迁移密切相关的地表--地下关系和相互作用, 还阐明了迁移如何体现到替换行为。重要的是, 尽管这个城市国家的地下计划旨在一定程度上减少土地开垦的生态足迹, 但是地下挖掘的材料被替换到海岸。因此, 具有讽刺意味的是, 这些地下计划反而导致了环境的进一步恶化。此外, 由于该项目规模庞大, 新加坡国家精英们不遗余力地迁移了人们对地下生活方式的健康和安全风险的普遍看法, 替换了公众对地下生活所需社会技术能力的信心和信念。因此, 迁移不仅是驱逐、开除和排斥, 还应包括确保弹性城市未来的不同形式的替换。

Los escritos geográficos relacionados con el desplazamiento han enfatizado el modo como los procesos de desposesión son instrumentales para romper la conexión entre los pueblos y el lugar o territorio. No obstante, estos estudios tienden a privilegiar las indagaciones horizontales y superficiales, descuidando así la forma como lo volumétrico y lo subterráneo adquieren importancia para los sitios analíticos y las escalas de vida del desplazamiento. Usando el caso de Singapur, donde los espacios subterráneos son defendidos por la Autoridad de Redesarrollo Urbano como la nueva frontera de esta ciudad-estado de extensión reducida, sobrepasamos el enfoque centrado en lo humano para llamar la atención sobre las materialidades y mentalidades (y sus políticas asociadas) que van atrapadas en los actos de desplazamiento. Haciendo esto, no solo se develan las relaciones entre la superficie y la subsuperficie, que están estrechamente vinculadas con los desplazamientos, sino que además se hace claridad sobre cómo las instancias del desplazamiento subsiguientemente se dibujan como prácticas de sustitución. Crucialmente, aunque los planes subterráneos de la ciudad-estado tienen en parte la intención de reducir su huella ecológica, generada en la recuperación de tierras, irónicamente aquellos llevan a una mayor degradación ambiental, dado el remplazo de materiales de las excavaciones subterráneas en los sitios marinos alejados de la costa. Por lo demás, tomando en cuenta la naturaleza de este proyecto a gran escala, las élites estatales de Singapur no han escatimado esfuerzos para desechar las mentalidades predominantes en lo que concierne a los riesgos para la salud y la seguridad en un modo de vida subterráneo, y para remplazar la confianza y creencia del público con la experticia sociotécnica necesaria para ir bajo tierra. El desplazamiento, como tal, no solo debe representar el desalojo, la expulsión y la exclusión; puede comprender también diferentes formas de sustitución, designadas para garantizar futuros urbanos resilientes.

Acknowledgments

We thank the editor, Dr. Kendra Strauss, and the referees for their supportive comments. We are grateful, in addition, to Marcus Dobbs from the British Geological Survey for his explanation of geological memoirs and how underground materials can be commodified or toxified depending on their properties and durability. All views expressed in this article are attributable to the authors.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Chih Yuan Woon

CHIH YUAN WOON is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117570. E-mail: [email protected]. His current research looks critically at the geopolitical implications of China’s rise, contextualizing such debates through the Belt and Road Initiative, as well as China’s ongoing interest and interventions in the Arctic region.

Klaus Dodds

KLAUS DODDS is Professor of Geopolitics in the Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. His research lies in the areas of geopolitics and security, media/popular culture, ice studies, and the international governance of the Antarctic and the Arctic.

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